Te Whakahaere Utu Kaupapa
Ko te whakahaere utu kaupapa ko te tukanga whakamahere, whakatau tata, whakatakoto tahua, whakahaere, me te aroturuki i ngā utu hei whakarite kia oti te kaupapa i roto i te whānuitanga, te wātaka, me te kounga kua whakaritea. I roto i te mahi, he maha ngā kaupapa e hinga ana ehara i te mea nā te whakaaro kino, engari nā te whakapaunga kore whakahaere, ngā whakatau tata tino pai, ngā huringa rānei o ngā whakaritenga kāore e whai ake i ngā whakatikatika tahua. Nō reira, ehara i te mea ko te "penapena moni" anake te kaupapa whakahaere utu, engari ko te whakarite kia tāpiri uara ia tāra e pau ana, kia tautoko hoki i ngā whāinga o te kaupapa.
He aha te hiranga o te whakahaere utu?
Ko te utu tētahi o ngā herenga matua o te kaupapa, me te wā me te kounga. Ina piki haere ngā utu, ka horapa te pānga: ka whakaroahia ngā wātaka nā te iti o te pūtea, ka heke te kounga, ka tapahia ohorere rānei te whānuitanga. Mā te whakahaere utu pai ka āwhina i ngā kaipupuri whakaaro ki te whakatau i ngā whakataunga e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga—hei tauira, te whiriwhiri i ngā kōwhiringa hoahoa, te whakatau i ngā āhuatanga matua, te whakawhanake rautaki hoko rānei. Hei tāpiri, mā te māramatanga o ngā utu ka piki ake te whakawhirinaki i waenga i ngā kaitautoko, ngā kiritaki, me te tīma whakatinana nā te mea e mārama ana ngā rōpū katoa ki ngā whakaaro me ngā tatauranga e whakamahia ana.
Ngā wāhanga matua o te whakahaere utu kaupapa
I te nuinga o te wā, e rima ngā wāhanga nui o te whakahaere utu:
1. Te whakamahere whakahaere utu: te whakatau me pēhea te whakatau tata, te tuhi, te ripoata, me te whakahaere i ngā utu.
2. Te whakatau tata i ngā utu: tatauhia ngā utu mō ngā rauemi pēnei i te mahi, ngā rauemi, ngā taputapu, ngā raihana, me ngā utu whakahaere.
3. Te whakatau tahua: te whakakotahi i ngā whakatau tata ki roto i tētahi turanga tahua kua whakaaetia.
4. Te whakahaere i ngā utu: te aroturuki i te whakatutukitanga, te whakahaere i ngā huringa, me te mahi i ngā mahi whakatika mēnā ka puta he hapa.
5. Te pūrongo me te aromatawai: te whakaatu i ngā mōhiohio utu i ia wā kia taea ai e ngā kaiwhakahaere te aromatawai i te hauora o te kaupapa.
He hononga kei waenganui i ēnei wāhanga e rima. Mā ngā whakatau tata kino ka puta he tūāpapa kāore e taea te whakatutuki; mā ngā tūāpapa ngoikore ka kore e whai hua ngā whakahaere utu; ā, mā te puhoi o te tuku pūrongo ka whakaroa te whakatau i ngā raruraru.
Te whakamahere: te tūāpapa tuatahi e whakatau ana
Ko te taahiraa tuatahi ko te whakawhanake i tētahi mahere whakahaere utu. Kei roto i tēnei tuhinga te hanganga kaute o te kaupapa, ngā kāwai utu, te auau o te ripoata, te whakamanatanga whakapaunga, me ngā tikanga whakaae huringa. Mō ngā kaupapa nunui, ka tautuhia hoki e tēnei mahere ngā paerewa nama, ngā tikanga hoko, ngā whakatakotoranga ripoata, me te pūmanawa e whakamahia ana (hei tauira, ngā ripanga tātai, ERP, ngā tono whakahaere kaupapa rānei ).
I tēnei wā, me whakaae te tīma ki ngā whakamāramatanga o ngā utu tika me ngā utu ā-kore, tae atu ki te tatau i ngā hāora mahi, ngā utu, te whakahekenga uara o ngā taputapu, me te tohatoha o ngā utu whakahaere. Mā te whakaae wawe ka whakaiti i te tūponotanga o ngā taupatupatu i waenganui o te kaupapa.
Te whakatau tata utu: mai i ngā whakapae ki ngā tatauranga
Ko te whāinga o te whakatau tata utu he whakaputa i ngā whakatau tata e tika ana mō te whakatau kaupapa. Ko ngā tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:
– Te whakatau tata: ka whakamahia ngā raraunga mai i ngā kaupapa o mua, rite tonu. He tere, engari ko te tika e whakawhirinaki ana ki te ōrite o ngā kaupapa.
– Te whakatau tata: te whakamahi i ngā tawhā, hei tauira, te utu mō ia mita pūrua mō te hanganga, te utu mō ia āhuatanga rānei mō te whakawhanaketanga pūmanawa.
– Te whakatau tata mai i raro ki runga: te whakatau tata i ngā utu o ia mahi, o ia kete mahi rānei, kātahi ka tāpirihia. He tika ake, engari he roa te wā e pau ana.
– Te whakatau tata-toru: te whakamahi i ngā horopaki e toru (te hihiri, te tūturu, te pouri) hei whakaaro ki ngā mōrearea me ngā āwangawanga.
Kei roto i tētahi whakatau tata pai ngā whakapae, ngā herenga, me te tika o te whakatau tata. Hei tauira, ko ngā whakatau tata tuatahi i te wāhanga ariā tera pea he nui ake te whānuitanga o te koretake i ngā whakatau tata i muri i te otinga o te hoahoa taipitopito.
Te whakawhanake i tētahi tahua me te pūtake utu
Kia oti te whakatau tata i ngā utu, ko te mahi e whai ake nei ko te whakawhanake i tētahi tahua kaupapa. Ehara i te mea ko te tahua he utu katoa anake, engari he tohatoha moni i roto i te wā i runga i te kaupapa whakatinanatanga. He mea nui tēnei tohatoha hei whakarite kia rawaka te moni whiwhi o te kaupapa i ngā wā tino nui, pērā i ngā hoko rauemi nui, i ngā rā kati utu rānei a te kaihoko.
I roto i te whakahaere kaupapa, ka whakamahia pinepinetia te kupu "te utu pūtake", arā, ko te tahua kua whakaaetia hei paearu matua mō te ine i te mahi. I tua atu i te kaupapa pūtake, ka whakatūhia e ngā whakahaere he rahui whakahaere, he āhuatanga rānei hei aro atu ki ngā mōrearea kāore i te mōhiotia, ki ngā huringa rautaki rānei.
Te whakahaere utu: te pupuri i ngā kaupapa kia tika tonu
Ko te tikanga o te whakahaere utu ko te whakataurite i ngā utu tuturu ki te turanga, te tautuhi i ngā take o ngā rerekētanga, me te mahi i ngā mahi. Ko te tikanga, ko te whakahaere utu whai hua ko:
– Te tuhi tika i ngā utu tuturu (ngā utu mahi, ngā rauemi, ngā kaimahi kirimana, me ētahi atu utu).
– Te tātaritanga rerekētanga hei kite i te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā mahere me te whakatutukitanga.
– Hurihia te tukanga whakahaere kia mārama ai ngā hua utu me te wātaka o ia huringa o te whānuitanga.
– Te matapae hei whakatau tata i te utu whakamutunga o te kaupapa (Whakatau Tata i te Otinga/EAC) i runga i ngā au hou.
Ko tētahi huarahi e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te Earned Value Management (EVM), e whakakotahi ana i ngā raraunga utu me ngā raraunga wātaka hei aromatawai i te mahi. Mā te EVM, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere kaupapa te whakatau mēnā kei te "whiwhi uara" te kaupapa i runga i ngā utu me te wā kua pahure.
Ngā āhuatanga e tino whakapiki ana i ngā utu
He maha ngā kaupapa e pāngia ana e te nui rawa o ngā utu nā te whakakotahitanga o ngā āhuatanga hangarau me ngā āhuatanga whakahaere. Ko ētahi o ngā take noa ko:
1. Te piki haere o te whānuitanga: ka piki haere te whānuitanga me te kore e tika te aromatawai utu.
2. Ngā whakatau tata tino pai rawa atu: e whakaarohia ana he teitei te hua o te mahi, ahakoa he rerekē te āhua o te ao tūroa.
3. Te whakamahere mōrearea ngoikore: kāore he āhuatanga mō ngā whakaroa tuku, ngā piki me ngā heke o te utu, ngā here raihana rānei.
4. Ngā hoko kore whakahaere: ngā kirimana me ngā whakaritenga kāore i te mārama, ka puta ai ngā kereme me ngā huringa.
5. Te koretake o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero: ka tae wawe atu ngā mōhiohio utu ki ngā kaiwhakatau.
6. Kounga raraunga iti: kāore i te ōrite te tuhi, nō reira ka hē te tātari.
Mā te mōhio ki te pūtake o ēnei raruraru, ka taea e ngā whakahaere te whakawhanake i ngā rautaki ārai tika ake, kaua ki te tapahi noa i ngā utu.
Ngā rautaki whai hua hei whakapai ake i te whakahaere utu
Hei whakahaere i ngā utu me te whai huatanga, ka taea te whakamahi i ēnei tikanga:
– Whakamahia he Hanganga Wehewehenga Mahi (WBS) hei wāwāhi i te mahi ki ngā mōkihi e ngāwari ana ki te whakatau tata me te whakahaere.
– Whakatinanahia ngā kaupapa matua me ngā huringa hanganga: me whai whakamāramatanga, tātari pānga, me te whakaaetanga ōkawa mō ia huringa.
– Whakatūria he pūnaha pūrongo ā-wā: hei tauira, he pūrongo ā-wiki mō ngā kaupapa tere, ā-marama rānei mō ngā kaupapa roa.
– Whakahaere kaha i ngā kaihoko: kia mārama ngā kirimana, ngā whakatutukitanga whaitake, me ngā tikanga utu e hangai ana ki ngā whakatutukitanga.
– Whakaratohia ngā rahui mōrearea i runga i te tātaritanga mōrearea, kaua i runga i ngā whakatau tata.
– Arotake ā-roto māmā hei whakarite kei te rite ngā whakapaunga ki ngā kaupapa here me te whakaoti i ngā taunakitanga tautoko.
Hei tāpiritanga, me hanga he ahurea whakahaere pūtea i roto i te tīma kaupapa. Ehara i te mea nā ngā whakaaro kino te nuinga o ngā para, engari nā te āhua noa: ngā hoko ohorere, te kore whakataurite utu, ngā whakataunga kore taurite rānei i te mara.
Te tūranga o te hangarau i roto i te whakahaere utu
Mā te hangarau ka tere ake te pupuri tuhinga me te whakapai ake i te tika o ngā raraunga. Kei te whakamahia whānuitia tonu ngā ripanga mahi, engari mō ngā kaupapa uaua, mā te whakamahi i ngā pūmanawa whakahaere kaupapa , ngā tono kaute, ngā pūnaha ERP rānei ka taea te whakarato i ngā painga nui: te whakaurunga i waenga i ngā wātaka, te hoko, ngā kirimana, me ngā utu. Mā te raraunga whakauru, ka taea e ngā tīma te tiro i ngā utu tuturu i te wā tūturu, te waihanga i ngā matapae, me te tātari i ngā au.
Heoi, ehara te hangarau i te otinga aunoa. Ki te kore he tikanga mārama, me te whakaurunga raraunga whai tikanga, ahakoa te matatau o tētahi pūnaha, e kore e puta he mōhiohio pono.
Whakamutunga
Ko te whakahaere utu kaupapa he mea nui hei whakarite kia ora te pūtea o tētahi kaupapa, me te kore e whakararu i ana whāinga matua. Kei roto i te tukanga te whakamahere , te whakatau tata, te whakatakoto tahua, te whakahaere, me te tuku pūrongo. Ina whakatinanahia me te tikanga tika—e tautokona ana e ngā raraunga, te whakahaere huringa matatika, me te tātari mōrearea—ka taea e ngā whakahaere te whakaiti i ngā utu nui me te whakanui ake i ngā tūponotanga o te angitu o te kaupapa. Hei whakamutunga, ko te whakahaere utu pai ehara i te mea ko te whakaiti noa i ngā whakapaunga, engari ko te arotau i te uara: te tuku rauemi ki te wāhi e whai pānga nui ana, me te whakarite kia tukuna ngā kaupapa me ngā hua whai kawenga.
