Hītori o te Rama Āwhata a Edison
Kua noho te pūahi rama mura hei tētahi o ngā mea hou i hangaia i roto i te hītori o te ao hou, e whakarerekē ana i te tirohanga me te taunekeneke a te tangata ki te ao. Ko tētahi tangata e whakanuia ana mō te whakatairanga me te whakapai ake i te pūahi rama mura ko Thomas Alva Edison. Ka arotakehia e tēnei tuhinga te hītori o te pūahi rama mura a Edison, mai i tōna whanaketanga tuatahi, ngā wero i pā ki a ia, tae atu ki te pānga pāpori me te ōhanga o tēnei mea hou.
Papamuri me ngā Kitenga o Mua
I mua i a Edison, he maha ngā kaihanga i ngana ki te hanga i ngā pūangi rama whai hua ake. Ko te tikanga, ka mahi te pūangi rama incandescent mā te whakamahana i te miro tae noa ki te mura. Ko Tā Humphry Davy, he kaipūtaiao Ingarihi, tētahi o ngā kaihanga tuatahi ki te hanga angitu i te mārama mā te whakamahi i te hiko i te tau 1802. I whakamahia e ia he iahiko hiko e rere ana i roto i te rīpene konukawata hei whakaputa mārama. Heoi, he tino koretake ēnei rama, ā, he poto noa te wā i roa ai.
Tekau tau i muri mai, ka ngana a Warren de la Rue, he kaimātai matū Ingarihi, ki te whakapai ake i tēnei ariā mā te whakamahi i ngā miro konukawata i roto i ngā ngongo korehau. Ahakoa he pakari ake tēnei hangarau, nā te utu nui o te konukawata i kore ai e whai hua mō te whakamahi arumoni.
I te tau 1854, i hangaia e Heinrich Göbel, he Tiamana-Amerika, tētahi rama mura me te miro i hangaia ki te bamboo waro. Tata tonu tēnei hangarau ki te tino pai, engari he maha tonu ngā whakapainga i hiahiatia.
Te Huringa a Thomas Alva Edison
I whānau mai a Thomas Alva Edison i te 11 o Pēpuere, 1847, i Milan, Ohio, Te Hononga o Amerika. Ahakoa he kaihanga auaha ia, neke atu i te 1.000 ngā patent i whakawhiwhia ki a ia, ko tana mea rongonui ko te pūrama rama mura.
I te tau 1879, ka tīmata a Edison ki te whakamātautau i ngā momo rauemi miro. I muri i tana whakahaere i ngā whakamātautau neke atu i te 3.000, ka kitea e ia ko te miro waro te mea pai rawa atu. I te 21 o Oketopa, 1879, i angitu a Edison ki te hanga i tētahi rama mura e mura ana mō te 13,5 hāora me te kore e mate i raro i te korehau.
He maha ngā āhuatanga auaha o te rama mura i whakawhanakehia e Edison, he rerekē i ngā mea hou o mua:
1. Miro Waro: Nā te hanganga a Edison i te miro waro i homai he pakari whakaharahara. Ahakoa i whakakapia tēnei miro ki te miro tungsten kaha ake, whai hua ake, he putanga nui tōmua te waro.
2. Ngongo Korehau: I whakarite a Edison kia whakauruhia te miro ki roto i tētahi ngongo korehau, kia whakakīia rānei ki tētahi hau hei ārai i te waikura, kia roa ake ai te ora o te rama.
3. Pūnaha Hiko: I kite a Edison ka whai hua anake te pūahi rama mura mena he pūnaha hiko hei tautoko i tōna whakamahinga. Nō reira, i whakawhanakehia e ia me tana tīma he pūnaha tohatoha hiko whai hua. I te tau 1882, i hangaia e ia he tipu hiko i Pearl Street, New York, e mahi ana ki te rohe o Manhattan.
Ngā Wero me ngā Tautohenga
Pērā i ngā mahi auaha nunui maha, kāore i kore ngā wero me ngā tautohetohe mō te pūahi rama a Edison. Ko tētahi o ngā take matua e ara ake ana ko te tautohetohe mō te "tino" kaihanga o te pūahi rama. He maha atu anō ngā tino tangata, pērā i a Nikola Tesla rāua ko Hiram Maxim, i mahi rangahau me te whakawhanake i taua mara anō.
Hei tauira, i whakawhanakehia anō hoki e Tā Joseph Swan, he kaihanga Ingarihi, te hangarau rama mura waro i te wā kotahi i a Edison. I te tau 1880, ka whakatau a Edison rāua ko Swan ki te mahi tahi, ā, ka whakatūria e rāua te Edison & Swan United Electric Light Company.
I tua atu, i reira ngā wero hangarau me ngā wero ōhanga i te whakatairanga i tēnei hangarau. I hiahia a Edison ki te wikitoria i ngā take o te whai huatanga o te pūngao, te tohatoha hiko, me ngā utu whakaputa kia taea ai e te marea te uru atu ki ngā rama incandescent. I hiahiatia hoki he haumi nui me te wā roa ki te hanga i tētahi hanganga hiko nui.
Ngā Pānga Hapori me te Ōhanga
He pānga hou tō te rama mura a Edison, kāore i te pā noa ki ngā mara o te pūtaiao me te hangarau, engari i awe anō hoki i ngā āhuatanga pāpori me te ōhanga o te hapori.
1. Ngā Huringa o te Āhua Noho: I mua i ngā rama hiko, ko te hinu me ngā kānara ngā pūtake matua o te mārama i te pō. Nā te mea hou a Edison i āhei ai te hapori kia mārama ake, kia pumau ake, kia haumaru ake hoki. Nā tēnei i whakarerekē te mahi me ngā tauira pāpori, ā, ka taea e te tangata te mahi me te whai wāhi atu ki ngā mahi mō te wā roa ake i muri i te tōnga o te rā.
2. Te Ahumahi: Nā tēnei hangarau rama hou i tere ake te ahumahi mā te tuku i ngā wheketere me ētahi atu wāhi mahi kia mahi i te ao, i te pō. Nā tēnei i tino whakapiki ake te hua, i akiaki hoki i te tipu ōhanga.
3. Te Noho Tāone: I te taenga mai o ngā rama hiko whai hua, ka tīmata te tipu tere o ngā tāone nui. I hangaia ngā rohe arumoni me ngā rohe noho ki ngā wāhi maha, ā, ka tīmata te whakahaere i ngā pūnaha kawe waka pēnei i ngā tereina hiko me ngā tereina.
4. Ngā Auahatanga Kē Atu: Nā te angitu o te rama mura i akiaki te auahatanga hangarau i roto i ētahi atu mara. I haere tonu a Edison i tana rangahau mā te hanga i ngā taputapu me ngā pūnaha hiko, pērā i te phonograph me te generator hiko.
Whakatau Whakamutunga
Hei whakamutunga, ko te hītori o Edison mō te rama mura he kōrero mō te manawanui whakamiharo, te auahatanga, me te tirohanga. Ahakoa ehara ko ia anake te kaihanga i mahi i tēnei mara, ko tōna kaha ki te whakawhanake i te hangarau arumoni whai hua me te pūnaha tohatoha hiko whai hua e hanga ana i a ia hei tangata matua i roto i te hītori o te rama horihori.
Kāore i te mea i whakarerekē noa tēnei mahi auaha i te huarahi e hangaia ai e te tangata ngā pūtake mārama, engari i tino whakarerekētia hoki ngā hanganga pāpori me te ōhanga o te hapori. Mai i te whanaketanga ahumahi ki te panonitanga o te oranga o ia rā, ka maumaharatia te taonga tuku iho a Edison hei tohu nui i roto i te hītori o te hangarau.
I tēnei ao e tere tonu ana te huri, e whakamahara mai ana te taonga tuku iho a Edison kāore e mutu te auahatanga, ā, he wāhi tonu hei whakapai ake ka pā nui ki te ao tangata.
