Hangarau Rama Tiaki Pūngao
He wāhanga nui te rama i roto i te ao hou, ahakoa i roto i ngā kāinga, i ngā tari, i ngā ahumahi, i ngā wāhi tūmatanui rānei. Heoi, ahakoa ōna painga, he nui te whai wāhi o te rama ki te whakapaunga hiko. Nō reira, he otinga tika te hangarau rama penapena-pūngao hei whakaiti i ngā utu hiko, hei whakaiti i te kawenga whatunga, hei tautoko hoki i ngā mahi whakaiti tukunga waro. Nā ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau rama i roto i ngā tekau tau e rua kua pahure ake nei kua whakauruhia mai he momo rama he nui ake te whai hua i ngā pūangi rama mura noa, me te kounga rama pai ake.
He aha te hiranga o ngā rama penapena hiko?
Ko te tikanga o te "whakaora pūngao" ko te whakaputa i te taumata kanapa ōrite (lumens) me te iti ake o te hiko e pau ana (watts). Ko te mahi a ngā pūangi rama tuku iho mā te whakamahana i te miro kia tiaho rā anō. He maumau tēnei tukanga nā te mea ko te nuinga o te pūngao ka hurihia hei wera, ehara i te mārama. Nō reira, he nui te mana e hiahiatia ana e ngā pūangi rama hei whakaputa i te iti noa o te mārama. Kua hangaia ngā pūangi rama penapena pūngao hei whakaiti i te pūngao e moumouhia ana hei wera, ā, ka piki ake te pai o te mahi.
Ka tere tonu te pānga. Mā te whakakapi i ngā pūangi rama maumau ki ngā pūangi rama whai hua ake ka taea te whakaiti i ngā pire hiko ā-marama, inā koa ka roa te wā e kā ana ngā rama, pērā i ngā rūma noho, ngā taupee, ngā toa, ngā wāhi mahi rānei. Hei tāpiri, mā te whakamahi i ngā rama penapena-pūngao ka whakaitihia te hiahia hiko ā-motu—e whakawhirinaki tonu ana ki ngā whakaputa hiko e whakamahia ana e te wahie pūmua i roto i te maha o ngā whenua.
Ngā inenga whai hua: ngā lumens, ngā watts, me ngā lumens mō ia watt
I te wā e whiriwhiri ana i tētahi rama, he tokomaha tonu te hunga e aro ana ki te wattage. Heoi, ko te wattage he ine i te whakapaunga hiko, ehara i te kanapa. Ka inehia te kanapa i roto i ngā lumens. Ko te teitei ake o ngā lumens, ko te kanapa ake o te mārama. He maha ngā wā ka whakaatuhia te whai huatanga o te rama hei lumens ia watt (lm/W): ko te teitei ake o te tau, ko te pai ake o te rama.
Ko te tikanga whānui, he iti te whai huatanga o ngā pūahi rama mura, he pai ake ngā pūahi rama hihiko, ko ngā LED ia te nuinga o te wā he nui ake te whai huatanga o te whakamahinga o te whare i ēnei rā. Mā te mārama ki te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā lumens me te wattage, ka taea e ngā kaihoko te whiriwhiri i te pūahi tika: tētahi e whakarato ana i te kanapa e tika ana engari me te wattage iti rawa.
Te whanaketanga o te hangarau rama penapena pūngao
1. Rama Hikoi Iti (CFL)
I te tīmatanga o te tekau tau atu i 2000, he rongonui ngā rama CFL, arā, ngā rama porowhita, hei rama penapena hiko. Mā te whakamahi i te hiko mā roto i te hau i roto i te ngongo ka puta he mārama ultraviolet, ka hurihia hei mārama kitea mā te paninga phosphor i runga i ngā pakitara o te ngongo. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā rama incandescent, he nui ake te penapena hiko o ngā rama CFL, ā, he roa ake te ora.
Heoi, he maha ngā ngoikoretanga o ngā rama CFL. Nā te wā whakamahana, kāore ētahi rama CFL e eke tonu ki tōna kanapa mōrahi ina tahurihia. Hei tāpiri, he iti noa te konukōre kei roto i ngā rama CFL, ā, me mātua whakahaere motuhake ina pakaru, ina maka atu. Nā te taenga mai o ngā rama LED whai hua ake, he roa ake te mau, ā, kāore he konukōre kua āta whakakapi i ngā rama CFL.
2. Ngā Rama Hikoi Ā-Rārangi (TL me ōna pānga)
I roto i ngā tari, ngā kura, me ngā whare tūmatanui, kua roa te whakamahinga o ngā rama hihiko (fluorescent) nā te mea he pai ake te whai huatanga i ngā rama mura me te kaha ki te whakamārama i ngā wāhi whānui. Kei roto i ngā whanaketanga ko ngā pauna hiko whai hua ake me te whakaiti i te kanapa. Heoi, pērā i ngā CFL, he kaha te whakataetae a ngā rama hihiko raina ki ngā ngongo LED, he iti ake te ohanga, he ātete ki te wiri, he ngāwari ake hoki te tiaki.
3. Ngā rama LED (Light Emitting Diode)
He putanga nui ngā rama LED i roto i te hangarau rama penapena-pūngao. Mā te tukanga hiko-whakamārama o ngā haurua-irahiko ka puta te māramatanga mai i ngā rama LED. Ehara i te mea he pai te mahi anake a ngā rama LED, engari he roa hoki te ora, he iti te rahi, he pakari ake, me te ngāwari o te hoahoa.
Haunga te whai huatanga o te pūngao, kei ngā rama LED hou ngā āhuatanga e tika ana mō ngā hiahia o te kaiwhakamahi: he kōwhiringa o ngā tae mārama (mā mahana, mā kūpapa, mātao o te awatea), te āheinga ki te whakaiti i te kanapa (i ētahi tauira), tae atu ki te whakaurunga ki ngā pūnaha atamai. I roto i te nuinga o ngā wā, mā te whakakapi i ngā rama incandescent, CFL rānei ki ngā rama LED ka taea te penapena nui i te pūngao me te kore e whakararu i te whakamarie.
Ngā āhuatanga e whakatau ana i te kounga o ngā rama penapena hiko
Kāore e ranea te penapena pūngao anake; he mea nui anō hoki te kounga o te māramatanga mō te whakamarie me te hauora o te tirohanga.
1. Te pāmahana tae (Kelvin/K)
He pai te mārama kōwhai (tata ki te 2700–3000K) mō ngā wāhi whakangā pēnei i ngā rūma moe me ngā rūma noho. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te mārama mā ki te mārama kore (4000–5000K) mō ngā wāhi mahi mārama me ngā kīhini. Ka taea e te mārama kikorangi mā (neke atu i te 6000K) te whakaputa i te āhua kanapa engari i ētahi wā ka ahua kino ina whakamahia ki ngā wāhi whakangā.
2. Taupū whakaputa tae (CRI)
E whakaatu ana te CRI i te tika o te putanga mai o te tae o tētahi mea i raro i te māramatanga. Ko te teitei ake o te CRI (tata ki te 100), ko te āhua tūturu ake o ngā tae. Mō te whakamārama whare, he nui te CRI o te 80, engari mō ngā whare mahi, ngā toa kakahu, ngā mahi taipitopito rānei, he pai te CRI o te 90, neke atu rānei.
3. Te kanapa me te whakamarie o te kanohi
Ka taea e ētahi rama kounga iti te whakaputa i te kanapa, kāore e kitea i ngā wā katoa engari ka pā ki te whakamarie me te ngenge o te kanohi. He maha ngā rama LED hou kua hangaia hei whakaiti i te kanapa, inā koa ko ērā e whakamahi ana i ngā taraiwa kounga teitei.
4. Te koki o te tukunga mārama
He pai ngā rama whānui te koki hihi mō te whakamārama whānui, ko ngā rama whaiti ia he pai mō ngā rama rama iti, hei tauira mō ngā whakaaturanga, mō ētahi wāhi rānei.
Ngā hangarau tautoko: ngā pūoko me ngā pūnaha whakahaere
Ka nui ake te whai hua o ngā rama penapena hiko ina honoa ki tētahi pūnaha whakahaere. Hei tauira:
– Pūoko nekehanga: Ka kā noa ngā rama ina he mahi, he pai mō ngā ara raro, ngā karāti me ngā kaukau.
– Pūoko mārama (pūtau whakaahua): Ka kā aunoa ngā rama o waho ina pōuri, ka mate hoki ina mārama.
– Taima me te whakaiti i te kanapa: Whakatakotoria he kaupapa, whakaitihia rānei te kaha ina kore e hiahiatia.
– Rama atamai (IoT): Whakahaere mā te taupānga, ngā tautuhinga tirohanga, me te aunoatanga e hangai ana ki ngā whanonga a te kaiwhakamahi.
Mā tēnei huarahi e penapena pūngao, ehara i te mea mā te whai hua o te rama anake, engari mā te whakaiti hoki i te wā e oma ai te rama.
Ngā āhuatanga taiao me te whakahaere para
He pānga pai ki te taiao te huri ki ngā rama penapena-pūngao mā te whakaiti i te whakapaunga hiko. Heoi anō, he mea nui tonu te whakahaere para. He iti noa te konukōrei kei roto i ngā rama CFL me ngā rama fluorescent, nō reira me hangarua, me maka atu rānei mā roto i ngā hongere motuhake. Kāore he konukōrei kei roto i ngā rama LED, engari kei roto tonu ngā wāhanga hiko me whakauru ki ngā kaupapa para-hiko kia taea ai te hangarua i ngā rauemi me te ārai i te parahanga taiao.
Ngā tohutohu mō te whiriwhiri i ngā rama penapena hiko mō ngā mahi o ia rā
1. Arotahi ki ngā lumen, kaua ki ngā watts. Whakatauritehia ngā lumen ki ngā hiahia o te wāhi.
2. Kōwhiria ngā rama LED mō te whakamahinga roa. Nā te roa o te ora me te iti o ngā utu whakahaere ka ohanga.
3. Kia tūpato ki te tae o te mārama. Ko te mā mahana he mea whakamarie, ko te mā kūpapa/mātao he mea whakaputa hua.
4. Tirohia te kounga o te CRI me te taraiwa. Ki te taea, whiriwhiria he waitohu e whakaatu ana i ngā whakatakotoranga mārama.
5. Whakamahia ngā pūoko, ngā taima rānei ki ngā wāhi motuhake. Ko te nuinga o ngā penapena ka puta mai i te whakaiti i te roa o te wā e whakamahia ana ngā rama.
Te heke mai o ngā rama penapena hiko
Kei te whanake tonu ngā auahatanga LED, tae atu ki ngā whakapainga o te whai huatanga, te tohatoha māramatanga ōrite, me te whakaurunga ki ngā pūnaha atamai. I taua wā tonu, kei te whānui haere te kōrero mō te ariā o te māramatanga e aro ana ki te tangata, arā, ko te māramatanga e whakarerekē ana i te kaha me te tae o te māramatanga ki ngā manawataki koiora o te tangata—he mahana ake i te pō, he māramatanga kūpapa ake i te awatea—hei whakatairanga i te whakamarie me te oranga.
Hei tāpiritanga, kei te piki haere hoki te whakamahinga o ngā pūtake pūngao hou, pērā i ngā panera rā mō ngā rama tiriti me ngā wāhi tūmatanui. Mā te whakakotahitanga o ngā rama LED, ngā pākahiko whai hua, me ngā mana whakahaere atamai ka taea te hanga rama motuhake utu iti, ā, he pai hoki mō te taiao.
Te Katinga
Ko te hangarau rama penapena-pūngao tētahi o ngā panonitanga tino kitea, tino ngāwari hoki te whakatinana hei whakaiti i te whakapaunga hiko me te kore e whakaiti i te whakamarie. Mai i ngā CFL ki ngā LED, kua nui ake te whai huatanga o te hangarau rama, kua roa ake te ora, ā, kua pai ake te kounga o te māramatanga nā te whanaketanga o te hangarau rama. Mā te mārama ki te ariā o te lumen, te whiriwhiri i ngā whakaritenga tika (te pāmahana tae, te CRI, me te kounga), me te whakamahi i ngā pūoko me ngā mana whakahaere atamai, ka taea e te tangata te whakatutuki i te māramatanga pai me te tautoko i tētahi taiao pumau ake. Mena ka whakatinanahia whānuitia, ko te taahiraa ngāwari o te whakakapi i ngā pūangi rama ka whai wāhi nui ki te penapena pūngao me te heke mai matomato.
