Ariā Here Matū Valence
Ko te ariā here ā-wānana he ariā e whakamārama ana i te hononga o ngā ngota ki te hanga i ngā ngota. He mahi nui tā tēnei ariā i roto i te matū, i roto i te māramatanga ki te hanganga ngota me te whakamārama i ngā tauhohenga matū. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te pūtake ariā, ngā mātāpono matua, me ētahi tono nui o te ariā ā-wānana.
He Kupu Whakataki ki te Ariā Hononga Matū
I mua i te kōrero hohonu mō te ariā o te valence, he mea nui kia mārama ki ētahi ariā taketake o te hononga matū. Ko te hononga matū ko te taunekeneke i waenga i ngā ngota e rua e āhei ai te hanganga o tētahi matū. Ka taea e ēnei hononga te hono tahi, te hono ionic, te hono konganuku rānei. Ko ngā hononga hono tahi ko te tohatoha i ngā takirua irahiko i waenga i ngā ngota, ko ngā hononga ionic ko te whakawhiti irahiko mai i tētahi ngota ki tētahi atu, ā, ko ngā hononga konganuku ko ngā hononga e puta ana i waenga i ngā ngota konganuku i roto i te "moana" o ngā irahiko e neke haere noa ana.
Ko te Ariā Valence e arotahi ana ki ngā hononga irahiko me te āhua o te tohatoha, te tohatoha rānei i ngā takirua irahiko i waenga i ngā ngota e whai wāhi ana.
Ngā Kaupapa Taketake o te Ariā Valence
Ko te ariā o te uara o te ngota e ahu mai ana i te whakaaro ko te uara o te ngota, arā, te maha o ngā hononga ka taea e te ngota te hanga, ka whakatauhia e ōna irahiko uara . Ko ngā irahiko uara ko ngā irahiko e noho ana i te paparanga o waho o te ngota, ā, e whai wāhi ana ki te hononga matū.
Hanganga Lewis
Ko tētahi o ngā huarahi matua o te ariā Valence ko te Lewis Notation, arā, ko te Lewis Structure, i whakaurua mai e Gilbert N. Lewis i te tau 1916. Ka whakamahia e tēnei tuhi ngā ira huri noa i te tohu ngota hei tohu i ngā irahiko valence. Mā te whakamahi i tēnei tikanga, ka taea te matapae me pēhea te here o ngā ngota i roto i ngā ngota. Hei tauira, mō te ngota wai (H2O), e whakaatu ana te hanganga Lewis e ono ngā irahiko valence o te hāora, ā, kotahi te irahiko valence o ia hauwai. Mā te hanga hononga covalent e rua (ko ia hononga he takirua irahiko kotahi), ka tutuki i ia ngota hauwai me te hāora he whirihoranga irahiko pumau ake.
Ariā VSEPR
Haunga te hanganga Lewis, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te tauira VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) i roto i te ariā valence hei matapae i ngā āhua ngota . Ko te VSEPR he ariā e ahu mai ana i te whakaaro ka panaia e ngā takirua irahiko huri noa i te ngota pokapū tetahi ki tetahi, ā, ka tawhiti rawa atu i te mea ka taea. Ka hua ake he āhua ngota ngota e taea te matapae i runga i te maha o ngā takirua irahiko honohono me ngā takirua takitahi. Hei tauira, he āhua tetrahedral te ngota CH4 (methane) nā te mea kua tohatohahia ngā takirua irahiko honohono e whā ki te wāhi toru-ahu hei whakatutuki i te tohatoha mōrahi.
Whakaranutanga ā-pōrearea
Ko te whakahāngaitanga porowhita tētahi atu ariā nui i roto i te ariā valence. Ko te whakahāngaitanga e whakaahua ana i te whakaranu o ngā porowhita ngota hei hanga i ngā porowhita whakahāngaitanga hou ka taea te hanga hononga pai ake. Hei tauira, ka pāngia te waro i roto i te CH4 e te whakahāngaitanga sp3, ka honoa te porowhita s kotahi me ngā porowhita p e toru hei hanga i ngā porowhita sp3 ōrite e whā. Mā tēnei ka taea te hanga i ngā hononga sigma (σ) ōrite e whā, ka hua ake he āhua tetrahedral.
Ngā Whakamahinga me te Hiranga o te Ariā Valence
Te Matapae Hanganga Ngota
Ko tētahi o ngā whakamahinga matua o te ariā valence ko te matapae i ngā hanganga ngota. Mā te whakamahi i ngā ariā pēnei i ngā hanganga Lewis, VSEPR, me te whakaranu, ka taea e ngā kaimātai matū te whakatau tika i te āhua me ngā āhuatanga o ngā ngota. Hei tauira, i tūhuratia, i matapaetia hoki te āhua V o te ngota wai mā te whakamahi i te ariā valence me te VSEPR, e whakamārama ana i te take he tata ki te 104.5° te koki here o te wai.
Ngā Āhuatanga Matū me te Tauhohenga
He wāhi anō tō te ariā valence ki te whakatau i ngā āhuatanga matū me te tauhohenga o tētahi ngota. Hei tauira, i roto i te matū waro , he nui ake te pūngao o ngā hononga takirua (pērā i ngā mea e kitea ana i roto i te ethene, C2H4), nō reira he nui ake te tauhohenga i ngā hononga takitahi (pērā i ngā mea i roto i te ethane, C2H6). Mā ēnei matapae ka taea e ngā kaimātai matū te hoahoa i ngā tauhohenga matū whai hua i roto i te taiwhanga.
Matū Hauora me te Rongoā
I roto i ngā mara o te matū rongoā me te matū rongoā, ka āwhina te ariā valence i ngā kaipūtaiao ki te hoahoa rongoā. Ka taea e te mārama ki ngā taunekeneke valence te awe i te hoahoa o ngā ngota rongoā e aro tika ana ki ngā pae hohe o te whākōkī, ki ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi pūmua rānei. Ko te mārama ki te here o ngā rongoā ki ā rātou whāinga te mea nui ki te whakawhanake i ngā maimoatanga motuhake ake me te iti o ngā pānga taha.
Ngā Rauemi Polymer me te Matū
I te whānui, he pānga nui anō hoki tō te ariā here valence ki ngā rauemi me te matū polymer. Mā te whakahaere i te hanganga ngota i roto i ngā mātāpono valence, kua whakawhanakehia e ngā kaipūtaiao he maha ngā rauemi me ngā āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana, pērā i te kaha teitei, te ngāwari, me te ātete ki ngā pāmahana tino kino. Hei tauira, ko ngā rauemi hiato e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā ahumahi rererangi me te motuka.
Ngā Here o te Ariā Valence
Pērā i ngā ariā pūtaiao katoa, he iti noa iho ngā herenga o te ariā valence. Ko tētahi herenga, kāore e taea te whakarato i tētahi pikitia katoa o te tohatoha o ngā irahiko i roto i tētahi ngota. Hei tauira, kāore e taea e te ariā valence te whakamārama katoa i ngā āhuatanga aukume o ngā ngota pēnei i te O2 (hāora), he āhuatanga paramagnetic kei a ia, ā, he pai ake te whakamārama mā te ariā porowhita ngota.
Whakamutunga
Ko te Ariā Here Valence tētahi o ngā tūāpapa matua o te matū hou. Mai i ngā Hanganga Lewis me te VSEPR ki te whakawhānau ā-porowhita, ka whakaratohia e ia ariā he māramatanga nui ki te mārama ki te hononga honohono me ngā āhuatanga ngota. Me ngā tono whānui ki te matapae i te hanganga ngota, te mārama ki te tauhohenga matū, me te whakawhanake i ngā rauemi hou, kei te noho tonu te ariā hei pou mō te kitenga matū me te auahatanga.
Hei taputapu whai hua i roto i te kete taputapu a te kaipūtaiao, mā te ariā valence tātou e āhei ai ki te mārama ki te ao ngota engari ki te whakahaere hoki i te ao hei painga mō te tangata, mai i ngā rongoā ki ngā rauemi matatau. Ahakoa he herenga e hiahia ana ki ētahi atu ariā, he ariā matatau ake rānei, kāore e taea te whakakapi i ngā takoha a te ariā valence i roto i te matū.
