Ngā Tikanga Chromatography Hau i roto i te Tātari Matū
He tikanga wehewehe me te tātari nui te chromatography hau (GC) i roto i te matū tātari hou. E whakamahia ana hei wehewehe, hei tautuhi, hei ine hoki i ngā wāhanga o te ranunga, inā koa ngā matū pūngāwerewere e pumau ana i ngā pāmahana whakamahana motuhake. Nā te tika teitei, te tere o ngā wā tātari, me te kaha ki te wehewehe i ngā wāhanga maha i roto i te werohanga kotahi, e whakamahia whānuitia ana te chromatography hau i roto i ngā mara maha, mai i te ahumahi petrochemical, rongoā, me te kai ki te tātaritanga taihara me te taiao.
Ngā Mātāpono Taketake o te Chromatography Hau
Ko te kaupapa mahi o te chromatography hau e ahu mai ana i te rerekētanga o te tohatoha (wehewehenga) o ngā wāhanga tauira i waenga i ngā wāhanga e rua: he wāhanga neke (hau kawe) me te wāhanga tūmau (wāhanga tūmau) kei roto i te pou. Ka mimitihia te tauira i werohia ki te tomokanga, kātahi ka haria e te awa hau kawe mā roto i te pou kua pania ki te wāhanga tūmau. Ka taunekeneke ia wāhanga ki te wāhanga tūmau me ngā kaha rerekē, ka hua ake he rerekētanga o ngā tere hekenga. Nō reira, ka puta ngā wāhanga i te pou i ngā wā rerekē, e mōhiotia ana ko te wā pupuri.
I te nuinga o te wā, ko ngā matū he iti ake te hurihanga, he ngoikore ake rānei ā rātou taunekeneke ki te āhua tūmau ka tere ake te memeha (he poto ake ngā wā pupuri). I tetahi atu taha, ko ngā matū he iti ake te hurihanga, he kaha ake rānei ā rātou taunekeneke ki te āhua tūmau ka roa ake te pupuri, ā, ka roa ake hoki ō rātou wā pupuri.
Ngā Wāhanga Matua o te Taputapu GC
He maha ngā wāhanga matua o tētahi pūnaha chromatography hau e mahi tahi ana:
1. Hau kawe
Ko te hau kawe te mahi hei wāhanga nekeneke, e pana ana i te tauira mā roto i te pou. Ko ngā hau e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te hēriuma, te hauota, te hauwai rānei. He maha ngā wā ka whiriwhiria te hēriuma nā te mea he koretake, ā, he pai te whai huatanga o te wehenga, ko te hauwai ia he tere ake te tātari engari me whai whakatūpato haumaru motuhake.
2. Pūnaha werohanga (whakaurunga/werohanga)
Ka whakaurua te tauira mā te tomokanga kia mimitihia, kia konatunatua ki te hau kawe. Ka taea te werohanga kia wehea, kia kore e wehea, kia tū rānei i runga i te pou, i runga i te momo tauira me te kukū o te tātaritanga. He pai te aratau wehe mō ngā tauira kukū-teitei nā te mea he iti noa te wāhanga o te tauira ka uru ki te pou, ko te kore e wehea ka whakamahia mō ngā tātaritanga iti kia taea ai e te tauira te uru atu ki te pou.
3. Pou chromatography
Ko te pou te "ngākau" o te wehenga. I roto i te GC hou, ko ngā pou capillary (ngā pou capillary silica kua whakakotahitia) te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana nā te mea he tino pai te mahi. Kua pania te pou ki tētahi wāhanga tūmau motuhake, pērā i te polysiloxane, me ngā taumata rerekē o te polarity, kia taea ai te whiriwhiri i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te matū e tātarihia ana.
4. Omu pou
Mā te oumu e whakahaere tika te pāmahana o te pou. Ka taea te tātari i tētahi pāmahana pumau (isothermal) mā te whakamahi rānei i tētahi kaupapa pāmahana. He tino whai hua te kaupapa pāmahana mō ngā ranunga he whānui te awhe kohua, nā te mea ka āwhina i te tere o te whakarewanga o ngā wāhanga taumaha me te kore e whakararu i te wehenga o ngā wāhanga māmā.
5. Kaitirotiro
Ka kitea e te pūoko ngā wāhanga kua wehe atu i te pou, ka hurihia hei tohu hiko e whakaaturia ana hei chromatogram (kauwhata tohu vs. wā). He mea nui te kōwhiringa pūoko nā te mea ka pā ki te aro me te whiriwhiri o te tikanga.
6. Ngā pūnaha me ngā pūmanawa kohikohi raraunga
E whakamahia ana te pūmanawa hei tuhi i ngā chromatogram, hei whakauru i ngā tihi, hei tatau i ngā horahanga tihi, hei waihanga i ngā ānau whakatikatika, me te whakaputa i ngā pūrongo hua tātari.
Ngā Momo Pūoko e Whakamahia Ana
Ko ētahi o ngā pūoko rongonui i roto i te GC ko:
– FID (Kaitirotiro Āmiomio Mura)
He tino noa mō ngā matū waro, inā koa ngā warowaihā. He tairongo ngā FID, he whānui te whānuitanga raina, ā, he ngāwari te whakamahi. Heoi, kāore i te tino aro ngā FID ki ngā matū kore-waro, ki ngā hau pumau rānei pērā i te CO₂ me te H₂O.
– TCD (Kaitirotiro Ahu Wera)
He pūoko ā-ao e aro ana ki te nuinga o ngā matū, tae atu ki ngā hau tuturu. Ko te ngoikoretanga he iti ake te aro ki te FID.
– ECD (Kaitirotiro Hopu Irahiko)
He tino tairongo ki ngā matū hiko-kore pērā i ngā patupatu organochlorine me ngā matū halogenated, e whakamahia whānuitia ana te ECD i roto i te tātari toenga patupatu.
– MS (Kaitirotiro Ine Papatipu / GC-MS)
Mā te whakakotahi i te GC me te ine ira papatipu hei tāutu i ngā matū tino tika, ko te GC-MS te paerewa koura mō te tātari taihara, te paitini, me te whakatau i ngā wāhanga uaua nā te mea ka taea e ia te whakarato i tētahi ira papatipu ahurei mō ia tihi.
Ngā Wāhanga Tātari Mā te Whakamahi i te GC
Ko te tātari mā te whakamahi i te chromatography hau e whai ake nei:
1. Te whakarite tauira
Me tika ngā tauira mō te GC: he pūngao, he pumau te pāmahana, ā, kāore he matūriki ka ārai i te pūnaha. Mō ngā matrices uaua (hei tauira, te toto, te oneone, te kai), me tango me te horoi. Ko ngā tikanga rongonui ko te tango whakarewa, te Tango Wāhanga Totoka (SPE), te tango ātea upoko rānei mō ngā matū pūngao.
2. Te kōwhiringa o ngā āhuatanga wehenga
Kei roto i ēnei ko te kōwhiringa pou (te roa, te whānui, te wāhanga tūmau), te tere rere o te hau kawe, te pāmahana tomo, te pāmahana oumu, me te hōtaka pāmahana. Mā ēnei āhuatanga ka whakatau i te kounga wehenga me te wā tātari.
3. Te whakatikatika me te ine
Mō te whakatau whakamātautau, ka whakamahia e te GC tētahi pihi whakatikatika me tētahi paerewa o waho, o roto rānei. He maha ngā wā ka whiriwhiria te tikanga paerewa o roto nā te mea ka whakatikahia ngā rerekētanga werohanga me te ngaronga o te tauira i te wā e whakaritea ana.
4. Tāutuhia te tihi
Ka taea te tautuhi mā te whakataurite i ngā wā pupuri ki ngā paerewa, mā te whakataurite rānei i te whānuitanga papatipu ki tētahi whare pukapuka, he pai ake rānei mā te whakamahi i te GC-MS.
5. Whakamana tikanga
I roto i ngā taiwhanga ngaio, me whakamana ngā tikanga GC (te tika, te tino tika, te rārangi, te LOD/LOQ, te whiriwhiri, me te pakari) kia taea ai te whakamārama i ngā hua.
Ngā Painga me ngā Herenga o te Chromatography Hau
He maha ngā painga o te chromatography hau. He tino taumira tēnei tikanga, he tere te wā tātari, ā, he pai te aro, inā koa ka honoa ki te taputapu tika. Hei tāpiri, he pai te GC mō te tātari i ngā ranunga uaua, ā, ka taea te whakahaere aunoa mō ngā tono ahumahi tere-whakaputa.
Heoi anō, he iti anō ngā herenga o te GC. Kāore e taea te tātari i ngā matū katoa mā te GC, inā koa ko ērā kāore e memeha, e ngāwari ana te pirau i ngā pāmahana teitei, he tino polar rānei, nō reira he uaua ki te tango atu me te kore he maimoatanga motuhake. Mō ēnei matū, he maha ngā wā he huarahi kē te whakamahi i te chromatography wai (HPLC). Hei tāpiri, ko ētahi tātaritanga me tango mai i ngā matū (hei tauira, te hanganga o ngā trimethylsilyl derivatives) kia māmā ake ai te memeha, kia māmā ake ai hoki te tātari mā te GC.
Ngā Whakamahinga o te Chromatography Hau i roto i ngā Marae Rerekē
He whānuitia ngā whakamahinga o te chromatography hau. I roto i te ao taiao, ka whakamahia te GC hei ine i ngā VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) i te rangi, ngā toenga pesticides i roto i te wai, me ngā poke rauropi i roto i te oneone. I roto i ngā matū hinu, he taputapu matua te GC mō te tātari i te hanganga o te hau māori, te penehīni, ngā wāhanga hinu rānei. I roto i te umanga kai, he pai te GC mō te tātari i ngā kakara, ngā waikawa ngako (hei FAME), me ngā poke pērā i ngā whakarewa toenga. I roto i ngā rongoā, ka whakamahia te GC mō te whakahaere kounga o ngā whakarewa toenga e ai ki ngā aratohu ture. I roto i te tātaritanga taihara, ka whakamahia te GC, te GC-MS rānei mō te tātari i ngā narcotics, te waipiro toto, te tautuhi rānei i ngā matū kei roto i ngā taunakitanga.
Te Katinga
He taputapu nui te chromatography hau i roto i te tātari matū, e whakarato ana i te wehenga whai hua me ngā hua tauanga pono mō ngā matū pūngāwerewere me ngā matū pumau. Mā te mārama ki ōna mātāpono mahi, te whiriwhiri i te pou tika me te pūoko, me te whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga whakahaere ka whakatau nui i te kounga o ngā raraunga ka puta. I te whanaketanga o ngā hangarau pēnei i te GC-MS me ngā pūnaha aunoa, ko te chromatography hau tonu te tikanga matua e tika ana mō te whakatika i ngā wero tātari hou puta noa i ngā rāngai rerekē.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea hoki e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga kia "pūtaiao" ake (me ngā tohutoro), kia rongonui ake ki ngā ākonga, kia tāpirihia rānei ngā tauira ako take me ngā mahi whaihua a te GC.
