Hanganga me te Mahi o te Pūmua
Pendahuluan
He ngota nui, he matatini hoki ngā pūmua, ā, he mahi nui tā rātou i roto i te nuinga o ngā tukanga koiora o te tangata me ētahi atu rauropi ora. He mekameka roa ēnei o ngā waikawa amino kua whakapikohia kia rite ki ngā āhua toru-ahu motuhake, e āhei ai rātou ki te mahi i ngā momo mahi. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka tūhuratia e mātou te hanganga pūmua, ngā momo hanganga e wātea ana, me ngā mahi rerekē a ngā pūmua i roto i te tinana.
Hanganga Pūmua
E whā ngā taumata matua o te hanganga pūmua: te hanganga tuatahi, te hanganga tuarua, te hanganga tuatoru, me te hanganga whā-taumata. Mā ia taumata nei ka mārama ki te hanganga me te mahi a ngā pūmua.
1. Hanganga Matua
Ko te hanganga tuatahi o te pūmua he raupapatanga rārangi o ngā waikawa amino kua whakaritea kia rite ki ngā tohutohu mai i te DNA. He raupapatanga motuhake o ngā waikawa amino kei ia pūmua e whakatau ana i ōna āhuatanga matū. Ka honoa tēnei raupapatanga e ngā here peptide, ka hangaia mā te tauhohenga whakapūpū i waenga i te rōpū carboxyl o tētahi waikawa amino me te rōpū amino o te mea e whai ake nei. He mea nui tēnei raupapatanga waikawa amino nā te mea ka whakatau i te hanganga toru-ahu me te mahi whānui o te pūmua.
2. Hanganga Tuarua
Ko te hanganga tuarua o te pūmua ko te tauira takai i hangaia e ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā ngota i roto i te tuara polypeptide. E rua ngā momo matua o te hanganga tuarua: ko te alpha helix me te rau beta. Ko te alpha helix he hanganga porowhita e whakahaerehia ana e ngā hononga hauwai i waenga i ia waikawa amino me te tuawhā o ngā waikawa amino i te mekameka. Ko te rau beta, i tetahi atu ringa, he rau papatahi e puritia ana e ngā hononga hauwai i waenga i ngā mekameka polypeptide tata. Mā tēnei hanganga ka whakaratohia he pumau tāpiri ki te pūmua.
3. Hanganga Tuatoru
Ko te hanganga tuatoru e pā ana ki te āhua whānui o te polypeptide kotahi, e puta mai ana i ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā mekameka taha (rōpū-R) o ngā waikawa amino. Kei roto i ēnei taunekeneke ko ngā here hauwai, ngā here ionic , ngā here disulfide, me ngā taunekeneke hydrophobic. He mea nui te hanganga tuatoru nā te mea ka whakatau i te mahi koiora o ngā pūmua. Hei tauira, he pae hohe motuhake ā ngā whākōkī ka taea anake te mōhio mā ngā matū motuhake, ka taea ai e ngā tauhohenga matū te haere pai.
4. Hanganga Quaternary
Ko te hanganga whāwhā he taumata teitei ake o te whakaritenga pūmua, ā, e uru ana ki te whakakotahitanga o ngā mekameka polypeptide neke atu i te kotahi. Ko ia mekameka o tēnei hanganga e kiia ana he waeine iti, ā, ka taea e rātou te taunekeneke mā roto i ngā momo hononga matū. Ko tētahi tauira rongonui o te pūmua me te hanganga whāwhā ko te hemoglobin, e whā ngā waeine iti polypeptide. Mā ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ēnei waeine iti ka taea e te pūmua te mahi i ngā mahi motuhake pēnei i te here hāora.
Te Mahi a te Pūmua
He maha ngā mahi a ngā pūmua i roto i ngā mea ora , ko ētahi he mea nui mō te oranga tonutanga. Anei ētahi o ngā mahi matua a ngā pūmua:
1. Pūmua whākōkī
Ko ngā whākōkī he pūmua e mahi ana hei whakakorikori i roto i ngā tauhohenga matū. Ka tere ake te tere o ngā tauhohenga matū me te kore e whakarerekētia tuturu. Ko ētahi tauira o ngā whākōkī ko te amylase, e wawahi ana i te māngaro hei huka māmā, me te DNA polymerase, e whai wāhi ana ki te tāruarua DNA. Ki te kore he whākōkī, he maha ngā tauhohenga koiora nui ka tino puhoi, ka kore rānei e puta.
2. Hanganga
Ka tautokohia e ngā pūmua hanganga te āhua me te āhua o ngā pūtau, ngā kiko, me te rauropi katoa. Ko ētahi tauira o ngā pūmua hanganga ko te collagen, te pūmua matua i roto i ngā kiko honohono pērā i te kiri, ngā wheua, me ngā uaua, me te keratin, e hanga ana i te makawe, i ngā maikuku, me te paparanga o waho o te kiri. Ka whakaratohia e ēnei pūmua te kaha me te ngāwari e tika ana hei tu atu i ngā ahotea ā-pūkaha.
3. Te Kawe me te Rokiroki
Ko te mahi a ētahi pūmua he kawe i ngā ngota ngota nui i roto i te tinana. Hei tauira, ko te hemoglobin te kawenga mō te kawe i te hāora mai i ngā pukahukahu puta noa i te tinana. Ko ētahi atu pūmua, pērā i te ferritin, ka rongoa i te rino i roto i ngā pūtau, ā, ka tukuna atu i ngā wā e tika ana. He mea nui tēnei kawe mō te pupuri i te mahi a ngā pūtau me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana.
4. Te Ture
Ka taea hoki e ngā pūmua te whai wāhi ki te whakahaere i ngā tukanga matū koiora me ngā tukanga ā-tinana. Ko ngā homoni pēnei i te insulin he pūmua e whakahaere ana i ngā taumata huka toto mā te whakahaere i te mimiti o te huka e ngā pūtau. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā ira whakawhiti he pūmua e whakahaere ana i te whakaaturanga o ngā ira motuhake, e whakatau ana ko ēhea ngā pūmua me whakaputa i roto i ngā pūtau i ēhea wā.
5. Te Tiaki me te Parepare
He mahi anō tā ngā pūmua i roto i te pūnaha ārai mate. Ko ngā paturopi he pūmua i hangaia e ngā pūtau-B i roto i te pūnaha ārai mate, ā, ko tā rātou mahi he kite me te whakakore i ngā mate pēnei i te huakita me te huaketo. Hei tāpiri, he mahi tā ngā pūmua tiaki pēnei i te fibrinogen ki te toto totoka, e ārai ana i te nui o te toto e ngaro ana i te wā e whara ana.
6. Te Whakaiti me te Nekehanga
He mea nui hoki ngā pūmua mō te nekehanga me te whakahekenga o ngā pūtau. Ko te actin me te myosin ngā pūmua matua e uru ana ki te whakahekenga o ngā uaua. Ka paheke rātou tetahi ki tetahi hei whakaputa i ngā whakahekenga e āhei ai te nekehanga o te tinana. Hei tāpiri, he mahi tā ngā pūmua pēnei i te dynein me te kinesin i roto i te nekehanga o ngā wāhanga pūtau i te taha o ngā microtubules, he mea nui mō te tohatoha o ngā whekau me ngā vesicles.
Whakamutunga
I te nuinga o te wā, he tino maha ngā mahi a ngā pūmua, ā, he mea nui hoki mō te nuinga o ngā āhuatanga o te ora. Mai i tō rātou hanganga whakahaere taumata-whā ki ā rātou mahi e pā ana ki te whākōkī, te hanganga, te kawe, te whakahaere, te tiaki, me te nekehanga, he mea nui te mahi a ngā pūmua ki te pupuri i te ora me ngā mahi koiora o ngā rauropi. Ehara i te mea he mea nui anake te māramatanga ki te hanganga me te mahi a te pūmua mō te koiora taketake engari he mea nui hoki i roto i ngā tono hauora me te hangarau koiora. Kei te hurahia tonutia e te rangahau ētahi atu mea ngaro mō te mahi a ngā pūmua, e whakatuwhera ana i te ara mō ngā auahatanga i roto i ngā momo mara o te pūtaiao me te hauora tangata.
