Te Whakamahinga o ngā Matū Pūmua i te Ao
Ko ngā pūmua tētahi o ngā rōpū matū e tino hono ana ki te oranga o te tangata o ēnei rā. Tata ki ngā mea katoa e pā ana ki a tātou—mai i ngā ipu inu me ngā kākahu ki ngā taputapu hauora, tae atu ki ngā wāhanga waka—e pā ana ki ngā pūmua. I roto i ngā kupu māmā, ka taea te tautuhi i ngā pūmua hei ngota nui (ngā macromolecule) he mea tito mai i ngā waeine iti, e kīia ana ko ngā monomer. Ina whakakotahihia ēnei monomer mā roto i ngā tauhohenga matū, ka hangaia he mekameka roa me ngā āhuatanga ahurei: ka taea te ngāwari, te pakari rānei, te mārama, te koretake rānei, te ātete ki te wera, te ngāwari rānei te rewa, ā, ka ātete ki te pānga, te ngāwari rānei te pirau. Nā tēnei ahurei te mea e tino hira ai ngā pūmua i roto i ngā momo mara.
Te Whakamāramatanga me ngā Momo o ngā Pūmua
I runga i te takenga mai, ka wehea ngā pūmua ki ngā pūmua tūturu me ngā pūmua hangai. Ko ngā pūmua tūturu he pūmua e kitea ana i te taiao, pērā i te cellulose i roto i te rakau me te miro, te māngaro i roto i ngā kūmara, ngā pūmua i roto i ngā mea ora, me te rapa tūturu mai i te wai tipu. Ko ngā pūmua hangai he pūmua i hangaia e te tangata mā roto i ngā tukanga ahumahi, pērā i te polyethylene (PE), te polypropylene (PP), te polyvinyl chloride (PVC), te polystyrene (PS), me te polyester.
Hei tāpiritanga, ka taea te whakarōpū i ngā pūmua i runga i tā rātou whanonga ki te wera: ngā kirihou wera me ngā huinga wera. Ka taea te whakarewa me te hanga anō i ngā kirihou wera i ngā wā katoa, kia māmā ai te hangarua (hei tauira, PE, PP, PET). Ko ngā huinga wera, i tetahi atu ringa, ka whakapakeke tonu i muri i te whakamahana me te hanga; he uaua ki te hangarua i ēnei rauemi (hei tauira, Bakelite me ngā kapia epoxy). Mā te mārama ki ēnei momo pūmua ka āwhina i te whakatau i tā rātou whakamahinga i roto i te hapori.
Ngā Pūmua i roto i ngā Tākai me ngā Taputapu Whare
Ko tētahi o ngā whakamahinga whānui o ngā pūmua ko ngā takai. E whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā kirihou pēnei i te PE me te PP mō ngā putea hokohoko, ngā takai kai, ngā pounamu, me ngā ipu rokiroki. E whakamahia whānuitia ana te PET (polyethylene terephthalate) mō ngā pounamu inu nā te mea he mama, he kaha, he mārama hoki. I roto i te kāinga, ka kitea ngā pūmua i roto i ngā momo taonga: ngā peere, ngā peihana, ngā tūru kirihou, ngā whata rokiroki, tae atu ki ngā paninga kore-piri i runga i ngā paraharaha e whakamahi ana i ngā pūmua fluorine pēnei i te PTFE.
Ko ngā painga o ngā pūmua i roto i ngā takai ko tōna mama, te iti o ngā utu whakaputa, me te ngāwari o te hanga ki ngā hoahoa motuhake. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e ētahi pūmua te mahi hei arai ki te mamaoa wai me ngā hau, hei āwhina i te pupuri i te kounga o te kai. Heoi, he wero taiao anō hoki te whakamahinga o ngā takai pūmua mena kāore e whakahaerea tika, inā koa ko ngā para kirihou kotahi te whakamahinga.
Ngā Pūmua i roto i ngā Kakahu me ngā Kākahu
He nui hoki te whakawhirinaki o te umanga kakahu ki ngā pūmua. Ko ngā muka hangai pērā i te polyester, te nairona, me te kiriaku he tauira o ngā pūmua ka hangaia hei miro, kātahi ka whatu hei papanga. He rongonui te polyester mō tōna ātete ki te kita, te tere maroke, me te kaha. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te nairona i roto i ngā kākahu hākinakina, ngā putea, me ngā taputapu o waho nā tōna ātete ki te pakū me te ngāwari. I taua wā, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te kiriaku hei whakakapi mō te huruhuru hipi nā tōna mahana.
He mahi nui anō hoki tā ngā pūmua taiao i tēnei wāhanga. He mea hanga te miro mai i te cellulose, he pūmua taiao e pai ana, e mimiti ana i te werawera. He pūmua taiao te huruhuru hipi me te hiraka, he pūmua kei roto i te pūmua, ā, e homai ana ki a rātou ō rātou āhuatanga motuhake: he mahana, he pīngore te huruhuru hipi, he maeneene, he kanapa te hiraka. He maha ngā wā ka whiriwhiria he huinga muka taiao me ngā muka hangai hei whakatutuki i te taurite i waenga i te whakamarie, te pakari, me te utu.
Ngā Pūmua i roto i te Hauora me te Rongoā
Ko te rāngai hauora tētahi o ngā rāngai i tino whai hua mai i te whanaketanga o ngā rauemi polymer. He maha ngā taputapu hauora e hangaia ana mai i ngā polymer nā te mea he parakore, he mama, ā, ka taea te whakamahi takitahi hei ārai i te horapa o te mate. Hei tauira, ko ngā ngira, ngā ngongo IV, ngā putea toto, ngā karapu hauora, ngā kopare kanohi, me ngā momo takai rongoā.
Hei tāpiri atu, ka whakamahia ngā pūmua i roto i te hangarau whakatō me te hanga kiko. Ka taea te hanga i ngā tuitui pokanga mai i ngā pūmua pirau-koiora, nō reira kāore e hiahiatia kia tangohia. Ka taea e ngā rauemi pēnei i te polylactide (PLA) me te polyglycolide (PGA) te pirau haere i roto i te tinana. Ko ētahi momo hydrogels—ngā pūmua ka taea te pupuri i te nui o te wai—ka whakamahia hoki i roto i ngā karaihe whakapā, ngā takai patunga hou, me ngā pūnaha tuku rongoā e whakahaere ana i te tukunga puhoi o ngā rongoā.
Ngā Pūmua i roto i te Waka me te Ahumahi
I roto i ngā rāngai motuka me te kawe waka, ka whakamahia ngā pūmua hei whakaiti i te taumaha o te waka me te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te wahie. He maha ngā wāhanga o roto, pērā i ngā papaaho whakahaere, ngā panera tatau, me ngā whakapaipai nohoanga, e whakamahi ana i ngā pūmua. Hei tāpiri, ka whakamahia ngā mea whakahiato pūmua kua whakapakaritia ki te muka (hei tauira, te muka karāhe, te muka waro rānei) i roto i ētahi waka nā te mea he kaha engari he mama.
I roto i te ahumahi, kei roto ngā pūmua i ngā paipa (PVC), i ngā paninga taura, i ngā hiri me ngā gasket, i ngā peita tiaki, me ngā piripiri. E mōhiotia ana ngā kapia epoxy me te polyurethane mō tō rātou piri pai me te pakari, ā, he mea whai hua ēnei i roto i ngā paninga papa wheketere, i ngā wāhanga hiko, me te hanga. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā pūmua hei ārai hiko nā te mea he kaha ki te aukati i te iahiko hiko me te tu atu ki ētahi āhuatanga taiao.
Ngā Pūmua i roto i te Hikohiko me te Hangarau Hou
Kei te akiakihia hoki e ngā whanaketanga hangarau te auahatanga i roto i ngā pūmua motuhake. He maha ngā taputapu hiko e whakamahi ana i ngā pūmua hei ārai, hei hipoki taura, hei anga, hei paparanga tiaki wāhanga. Ko ngā whakaaturanga ngāwari me ētahi momo pūoko e whakamahi ana i ngā pūmua kawe hiko, arā, ngā pūmua ka taea te kawe hiko i muri i te whakarerekētanga. Hei tāpiri, ka whakamahia ngā pūmua i roto i ngā pākahiko me ētahi pūtau rā hei wāhanga o te electrolyte pūmua, te paninga kiriata angiangi rānei e āwhina ana i te tukanga hurihanga pūngao.
I tēnei ao hou, kua kaha ake hoki te rangahau mō ngā biopolymer me ngā polymer e pai ana mō te taiao. Ko te whāinga he whakaputa rauemi e mau tonu ana te mahi engari he iti ake te pānga ki te taiao, pērā i ngā kirihou e ngāwari ana te pirau, e taea rānei te hangarua kia pai ake te whai hua.
Ngā Wero Taiao me ngā Mahi Whakatau
Ahakoa ō rātou painga nui, ko te whakamahinga o ngā pūmua – inā koa ko ngā kirihou – ka puta he raruraru nui mō te para. Ka taea e te kirihou kāore e whakahaeretia te whakapoke i te oneone, i ngā awa, me ngā moana, ka huri pea hei kirihou moroiti ka uru ki te mekameka kai. Ehara i te mea ko ngā pūmua he "kino" anake, engari ko te whakamahinga hē me ngā mahi whakahaere i te mutunga o te oranga.
Kei te haere tonu te whakawhanake i ngā momo otinga, mai i te whakaiti i ngā kirihou kotahi te whakamahinga, te whakapai ake i ngā pūnaha hangarua, tae atu ki ngā auahatanga rauemi pēnei i te kirihou koiora. Ko tētahi tauira o te kirihou koiora ko te PLA, he mea hanga mai i ngā puna whakahou pēnei i te māngaro kānga, te tō rānei. Heoi, he mea nui kia mārama kāore ngā kirihou koiora katoa e pirau aunoa i te taiao tuwhera; ko ētahi e hiahia ana ki ngā āhuatanga motuhake, pēnei i ngā whare whakawairakau ahumahi. Nō reira, he mea nui tonu te mātauranga tūmatanui me ngā kaupapa here whakahaere para.
Te Katinga
He matū ngā pūmua e whai wāhi nui ana ki te oranga o ia rā. Mai i ngā takai kai me ngā kākahu ki ngā taputapu hauora me te kawe waka ki ngā hangarau hiko, ka tukuna e ngā pūmua te whai wāhitanga, te whai hua, me te auahatanga. Nā ō rātou āhuatanga pai ake—he māmā, he kaha, he ngāwari, he ngāwari hoki te whakakorikori—ka waiho ngā pūmua hei rauemi kaha i roto i ngā tono maha. Heoi, me taurite ēnei painga nui ki te whakamahinga tika me te whakahaere para. Mā te tango i ngā tikanga o te whakaiti i te whakamahinga kotahi, te whakarōpū me te hangarua, me te whakatenatena i te whanaketanga o ngā pūmua e pai ana ki te taiao, ka taea tonu e tātou te pārekareka ki ngā painga o ngā pūmua me te kore e whakararu i te hauora o te taiao. Nō reira, ehara i te mea he tohu noa iho ngā pūmua mō te ahunga whakamua o ngā rauemi, engari he wāhanga hoki o te otinga ki tētahi momo noho pumau ake.
