Me pēhea te hanga i tētahi otinga paerewa
Ko te otinga paerewa he otinga e whakamahia ana hei tohutoro i roto i ngā whakamātautau matū me ngā tātaritanga. He kukū e mōhiotia ana kei roto i ēnei otinga, ā, he maha ngā wā e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā inenga, te tātaritanga tauanga, me te whakamana tikanga tātari. Ko te whakarite i ngā otinga paerewa tika he pūkenga taketake nui i roto i te taiwhanga matū. Ka whakamāramahia e tēnei tuhinga ngā mahi nui mō te whakarite i tētahi otinga paerewa, ngā momo otinga paerewa, me ō rātou whakamahinga mahi.
Wāhanga Whakarite
1. Whakaritea ngā Rauemi me ngā Taputapu
Ko te taahiraa tuatahi ki te hanga i tētahi otinga paerewa ko te whakarite i ngā rauemi me ngā taputapu e tika ana. Anei te rārangi o ngā taputapu taketake e hiahiatia ana:
– Ngā matū parakore (ngā matū paerewa)
– Taurite tātari tika
– Kapu ine, paipa rōrahi rānei
– Ipu rōrahi
– Wai whakahoroi, wai whakakore iona rānei
– Ngā karapu me ngā mōhiti tiaki
Kia tino whakamahia ngā matū parakore teitei, ā, tirohia tonu te rā paunga i mua i te whakamahinga.
2. Te Whakatau i te Kukū o te Otinga
Ko te whakatau i te kukū o te otinga e hiahiatia ana te taahiraa tuatahi ki te hanga i tētahi otinga paerewa. He maha ngā wā ka whakaatuhia te kukū mā te whakamahi i te molarity (M), arā, te maha o ngā mole o te solute mō ia rita o te otinga. Ko te tātai taketake mō te tatau i te molarity ko:
\[ M = \frac{n}{V} \]
ko \( n \) te maha o ngā mole o te matū whakarewa, ā, ko \( V \) te rōrahi katoa o te matū whakarewa i roto i ngā rita.
Hei tauira, ki te hiahia koe ki te hanga i tētahi otinga konutai pūhaumāota (NaCl) 1 M i roto i te 1 rita, me tatau e koe te papatipu o te NaCl e ōrite ana ki te 1 mole. Ko te papatipu molar o te NaCl he tata ki te 58,44 karamu/mol. Nō reira, me 58,44 karamu o te NaCl hei hanga i tētahi otinga 1 M.
Te Tukanga mō te Hanga i te Otinga Paerewa
1. Te pauna i ngā matū paerewa
Paunatia te matū paerewa mā te whakamahi i tētahi pauna tātari tino tika. Kia tika te whakataurite me te horoi i te pauna i mua i te whakamahinga. I muri i te paunatia o te matū, tuhia marietia te taumaha.
2. Te Whakarewa i ngā Matū ki te Wai
Whakawhitia te matū kua paunatia ki roto i tētahi pounamu rōrahi, i tētahi pīkara rānei. Tāpirihia he wai mātotoru kia nui hei whakarewa i te matū. Mena he uaua te whakarewa i te matū, ka taea e koe te whakaoho mā te whakamahi i tētahi whakaoho aukume, i tētahi tokotoko whakaoho rānei.
3. Whakawhiti ki tētahi ipu ine
Kia rewa katoa te matū, whakawhitia te wai ki roto i tētahi pounamu rōrahi, ki tētahi pounamu rōrahi rānei o te rōrahi e hiahiatia ana. Whakamahia he hāneanea hei whakaiti i te ngaronga o te matū.
4. Whakakīia kia rite ki te rahinga o te tohu
Tāpirihia te wai kua whakakorengia, kua whakakorengia rānei te wai i roto i te pounamu rōrahi kia tae rā anō ki te tohu rōrahi e hiahiatia ana. Kia tino whakakīia kia tae rā anō ki te tohu rōrahi kia tino tika ai.
5. Te Whakaōrite
Katia te pounamu rōrahi, ka rūrū mārie kia ōrite te otinga. Kaua e whakaranua kia kaha rawa, nā te mea ka puta he mirumiru hau ka pā ki te rōrahi whakamutunga.
Manatoko me te Rokiroki
1. Manatoko Kukū
Kia oti te whakarite i te otinga, manatokohia tōna kukū mā te whakamahi i tētahi tikanga tātari tika, ki te taea. Tērā pea ka uru atu ki tēnei te titration me tētahi otinga paerewa, te whakamahi rānei i ngā taputapu tātari pēnei i te spectrophotometer.
2. Te penapena
Penapenahia te otinga ki roto i tētahi pounamu kua tohua, kua kati rawa kia kore ai e poke. Whakatauhia ngā tikanga penapena tika (hei tauira, te pāmahana, te mārama rānei) kia mau tonu ai te pumau o te otinga paerewa. Penapenahia ki roto i tētahi kāpata matū mēnā e tika ana.
Tauira o te Hanga i tētahi Otinga Paerewa NaOH 0,1 M
Ko tētahi tauira māmā o te hanga i tētahi otinga paerewa ko te hanga i tētahi otinga hauwai konutai (NaOH) 0,1 M. Anei ngā mahi:
1. Tātaihia te papatipu o te NaOH e hiahiatia ana: Ko te papatipu molar o te NaOH he tata ki te 40 karamu/mol. Hei hanga i tētahi otinga 0,1 M i roto i te 1 rita, e hiahiatia ana te 4 karamu o te NaOH (0,1 mol × 40 karamu/mol).
2. Te pauna: Paunahia kia 4 karamu o te NaOH mā te whakamahi i tētahi pauna tātari.
3. Whakarewahia: Whakarewahia te NaOH ki roto i te iti o te wai kua whakakorea i roto i te kapure.
4. Whakawhiti ki tētahi pounamu rōrahi: Whakawhitihia te otinga ki tētahi pounamu rōrahi 1 rita mā te whakamahi i tētahi hāneanea.
5. Whakakīia kia tae ki te tohu: Tāpirihia te wai kua whakakorengia kia tae ki te tohu 1 rita.
6. Te Whakaōrite: Rūrūtia mārire te pounamu kia ōrite ai te wai.
Ngā Taupānga Otinga Paerewa
1. Te Whakapūtanga
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā otinga paerewa i roto i ngā inenga, e whakamahia ai he inenga e mōhiotia ana te kukū hei whakatau i te kukū o te analyte i roto i te tauira.
2. Te Whakatikatika i ngā Taputapu Tātari
E whakamahia ana ngā otinga paerewa mō te whakatikatika i ngā taputapu tātari pēnei i te chromatography wai mahi teitei (HPLC), ngā inenga UV-Vis, me ētahi atu taputapu tātari hei whakarite i ngā hua tika.
3. Whakamana Tikanga
I te whanaketanga o ngā tikanga tātari, me whakamahi ngā otinga paerewa hei aromatawai i te tika, te pūmau, te rārangitanga, me te rohenga kitenga o te tikanga kua whakawhanakehia.
4. Mana Kounga
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā otinga paerewa i roto i te whakahaere kounga hei whakarite i te ōritetanga me te tika o te hua i roto i ngā ahumahi rongoā, kai, me te matū.
Whakamutunga
Ko te hanga i ngā otinga paerewa me whai tika, me whai māramatanga hoki i ia taahiraa o te tukanga, mai i te whakarite rauemi me ngā taputapu, te whakatau i ngā kukū, tae noa ki te manatoko me te rokiroki. He mea nui te whakarite tika i ngā otinga paerewa i roto i ngā momo mahi taiwhanga me ngā mahi ahumahi. Mā te mārama me te whai i ngā tikanga tika, ka taea e koe te whakarite i te tika o ō otinga paerewa, ā, ka whai wāhi atu tēnei ki te pono o ō hua tātari.
