Te Ahupūngao Taketake i roto i ngā Tātaitanga Hanganga Whare
Ehara i te mea ko te "tuhi pou me ngā kurupae" anake ngā tātaitanga hanganga, kātahi ka whakanekehia kia noho haumaru ai. Kei muri i ia whakatau hoahoa—mai i ngā rahinga kurupae, te mokowā pou, te matotoru o te papa, tae atu ki ngā taipitopito hononga—he turanga ahupūngao taketake e whakarite ana i te kaha, te pumau, me te whakamarie o te whare. Mā te ahupūngao ka āwhina ngā kaihangarau ki te mārama ki te mahi a ngā kaha, te urupare a ngā rauemi ki ngā kawenga, me te tuku a ngā hanganga i aua kawenga ki te whenua. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā ariā ahupūngao matua e tautoko ana i ngā tātaitanga hanganga.
1. Te Kaha, te Utaina, me te Taurite (Te Pūmau)
Ko te mauri o ngā tataunga hanganga ka tīmata ki te pūtaiao ā-pūmau: te peka o te miihini e ako ana i ngā mea e okioki ana. Me tutuki i tētahi whare haumaru i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa te whakaritenga taurite, arā, ko te kaha hua me te wā hua he ōrite ki te kore.
I te nuinga o te wā, ka tuhia ngā tikanga taurite:
– ΣF = 0 (ko te tapeke o ngā kaha i tētahi ahunga he kore)
– ΣM = 0 (ko te tapeke o ngā wā e pā ana ki tētahi pūwāhi kua hoatu he kore)
I roto i ngā hanganga whare, ka ahu mai ngā kaha e pā ana ki ngā momo kawenga, tae atu ki:
1. Kawenga mate: te taumaha-ake o ngā huānga hanganga pēnei i te raima, te maitai, ngā pakitara, ngā tuanui, ngā whakaotinga.
2. Utaina ora: te kawenga e puta mai ana i ngā mahi a te tangata me te whakamahinga o te wāhi, pērā i te tangata, ngā taonga, ngā taonga, ngā waka i ngā wāhi waka.
3. Ngā kawenga taiao: ngā kawenga hau, ngā kawenga rū whenua, ngā huringa pāmahana, te ua, me ētahi atu kawenga motuhake (hei tauira, te pēhanga whenua i runga i ngā pakitara o te rūma raro).
E whakamahia ana te ahupūngao pūmau hei tatau i ngā tauhohenga tautoko, ngā kaha ā-roto (ngā kaha kutikuti me ngā nekehanga piko), me te tohatoha kawenga i runga i ngā pūnaha anga, ngā pereti, me ngā turanga.
2. Te ahotea me te taumahatanga: Te urupare a ngā rauemi ki te kawenga
Mena ka whakamārama mai te pūmau i te "rahi o te kaha e pā ana", ko ngā ariā o te ahotea me te taumahatanga ka whakamārama i "tōna pānga ki te rauemi".
– Ko te ahotea (σ) e tautuhia ana ko te kaha mō ia horahanga whakawhiti-wāhanga:
σ = F/A
– Ko te taumahatanga (ε) te huringa whanaunga o te roa:
ε = ΔL/L
I te hoahoa i ngā kurupae, ngā pou, me ngā pereti, kaua te taumahatanga e neke ake i te kaha o te rauemi. He kaha te konutea i te pēhanga engari he ngoikore i te kume, ko te maitai ia he kaha i te kume me te pēhanga. Nō reira, ka whakakotahi ngā hanganga konutea whakapakari i ēnei rauemi e rua hei tu atu i te huinga o ngā kaha kume me te kume.
E whakamārama ana hoki tēnei ariā he aha i nui ai te awe o ngā āhuatanga whakawhiti-wāhanga, te kounga o ngā rauemi, me ngā taipitopito whakapakari i te kaha o te hanganga.
3. Te Ture a Hooke me te Modulus o te Elasticity
I roto i te awhe rapa (i mua i te pānga o te kino tuturu ki te rauemi), he maha ngā rauemi e whakatata ana ki te whanonga rārangi: he ōrite te ahotea ki te taumahatanga. E mōhiotia ana tēnei ko te Ture a Hooke:
σ = E · ε
ko E te modulus o te ngāwari (te modulus a Young), he ine i te pakari o te rauemi. Ko te nui ake o te E, ko te iti ake o te whakarerekētanga mō te kawenga kotahi.
I roto i ngā hanganga whare, he mea nui te pakari nā te mea me kaha te whare, me pakari hoki kia kore ai e piko rawa. Mā te piko rawa ka pakaru ngā pakitara whakakī, ka pakaru ngā tuanui, ka "pekepeke" ngā papa, ka kore rānei e pai te āhua, ahakoa he kaha tonu te hanganga.
4. Te Wā Piko, te Kaha Kutikuti, me te Kauwhata Ā-roto
He nui te mahi a ngā wāhanga hanganga pēnei i ngā kurupae me ngā pereti ki te piko. E rua ngā rahinga matua ka tātarihia:
– Te kaha kutikuti (V): te ia o te "neke" i te wāhanga whakawhiti.
– Te au piko (M): te ia ki te "piko" i tētahi huānga.
Mā te ahupūngao ka āwhina i te tautuhi i te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā kawenga tohatoha, ngā kaha kutikuti, me ngā wā piko. Kātahi ka hangaia e ngā kaihangarau:
– Te hoahoa kaha kutikuti (SFD)
– Kauwhata wā (BMD)
Mai i tēnei hoahoa, ka whakatauhia ngā wāhi o ngā nekehanga mōrahi (te nuinga kei waenganui o te whānui mō ngā kurupae māmā) me ngā kaha kutikuti mōrahi (te nuinga kei te taha o ngā tautoko). Ka whakamahia ēnei mōhiohio hei hoahoa i ngā whakakaha piko me te kutikuti (ngā poupou) i roto i te raima whakakaha, hei whakatau rānei i ngā kōtaha maitai e tika ana.
5. Te Pūmautanga me te Piko i roto i ngā Pou
Ka tautokohia e ngā pou ngā kaha pēhi mai i ngā papa o runga. Haunga te kaha pēhi o te rauemi, me noho haumaru ngā pou mai i te piko, arā, te pakaru nā te kore pumau o te hanganga ina pāngia ngā pou kikokore e ngā kawenga pēhi.
He nui te pānga o te piko ki te tinana:
– Te roa whai hua o te pou
– Ngā āhuatanga tautoko (rawhi, hononga, huinga)
– Ko te wā o te korekore o te wāhanga whakawhiti (I), e whakaata ana i te "ātete āhua" ki te piko
– Te tauwehenga o te ngāwari o te rauemi (E)
Mā te ariā o te piko e whakamārama he aha ngā pou tino angiangi ka pakaru i ngā kawenga iti iho i te kaha pēhi o ā rātou rauemi. Nō reira, ka aro nui ngā kaihoahoa ki te ōwehenga angiangi, ka whakarato i ngā tautoko, ka whakarerekē rānei i ngā rahinga o te pou ina hiahiatia.
6. Ngā Āhuatanga Hanganga: Ngā Wiri, Ngā Rū Whenua, me te Tauhohenga Whare
Kāore ngā whare e pāngia e ngā kawenga pumau i ngā wā katoa. He hihiri ngā rū whenua me te hau, e rerekē ana i roto i te wā. Koinei te wāhi e whai wāhi mai ai te ahupūngao o ngā hihiri hanganga: te awe o te papatipu, te pakari, me te tauhohenga o te makuku.
Ko ngā ariā nui ko:
– Papatipu (m): e pā ana ki te koretake; ka nui ake te papatipu, ka nui ake te kaha koretake i te wā e tere haere ana te rū whenua.
– Te pakari (k): ka pā ki te wā wiri taiao o te whare.
– Te whakamākū (c): te "kaha ki te whakamākū" i ngā wiri.
E whakaatu ana tētahi tauira māmā o tētahi pūnaha wiri kotahi-tohu-o-te-herekore, e pā ana ngā kaha hihiri ki te whakaterenga (F = m·a). I roto i tētahi rū whenua, ka neke te whenua, ka tere ake te whare; ka puta ngā kaha ā-inertia me whakawhiti e ngā huānga hanganga me ngā pūnaha here taha (ngā pakitara kutikuti, ngā anga nekehanga, ngā tautoko).
Nō reira, ehara i te mea ko te hoahoa rū whenua anake te "whakanui i ngā pou," engari ko te whakarerekētanga hoki i te whirihoranga hanganga, ngā ara kaha taha, te ngāwari, me ngā taipitopito whakapakari kia taea ai e te whare te mimiti i te pūngao me te kore e hinga.
7. Ara Utaina me te Tohatoha Kaha
Mā te mārama ki te ahupūngao ka puta te ariā o te ara kawenga: me mārama te "ara" o ia kawenga mai i te wāhi e pā ai te kawenga ki te whenua.
Hei tauira, te kawenga ā-papa:
papa papa → kurupae tamariki → kurupae matua → pou → turanga → oneone.
Mō ngā kawenga rū whenua/hau:
pereti papa hei diaphragm → huānga pupuri taha (pakitara kutikuti/āwhina/anga nekehanga) → turanga.
Mena he motumotu te ara kawenga—hei tauira, me te pou "pakaru" he rerekētanga pakari nui rānei i waenga i ngā papa—ka puta te kaha o te kaha, ā, ka piki ake te tūponotanga o te pakaru. He tino ā-tinana tēnei ariā: kāore ngā kaha e memeha; me tuku me te ātete e ngā huānga tika.
8. Ngā Tikanga Oneone me te Tūāpapa: Te Pēhanga, te Āheinga Pupuri, me te Taunga
Mā ngā turanga e hono te hanganga o runga ki te whenua. He mea nui te āhua o te pēhanga me te whanonga o te oneone ki konei. Ehara te oneone i te mea ōrite pērā i te maitai; ko ōna āhuatanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o te wai, te mātotoru, me te hītori o te kawenga.
Ko ngā tataunga turanga e whai wāhi ana ki:
– Te pēhanga pā i waenga i te turanga me te oneone
– Te kaha o te pupuri oneone hei ārai i te pakaru o te kutikuti
– Te whakataunga kia kore ai te whakarerekētanga e neke atu i ngā rohe ratonga
Ahakoa te hanganga o runga i hangaia kia kaha, ka taea te hanga i ngā kapiti nui i roto i ngā pakitara me ngā papa nā te rerekētanga o te taunga (ina totohu nui atu tētahi wāhanga o te turanga i tētahi atu). Nō reira, he rite tonu te hiranga o te ngāwari o te mahi ki te kaha.
9. Ngā Take Haumaru me te Rapunga Whakaaro Hoahoa
Mā te ahupūngao ka puta he tauira, engari kei roto i te ao tūturu ngā āwangawanga: ngā rerekētanga o te kounga rauemi, ngā hapa whakatinanatanga, ngā panonitanga o te kawenga, me te pirau nā te waikura me te huarere. Nō reira, ka whakamahia ngā āhuatanga haumaru me ngā tikanga hoahoa hou pēnei i te hoahoa āhua rohe, e wehewehe ana i:
– Te rohenga mutunga kore (kaha, pumau)
– Ngā rohenga mahi (piko, pakaru, wiri)
Ko te whāinga kia kore te whare e "hinga noa", engari kia pai hoki te mahi puta noa i te wā e whakamaheretia ana.
Te Katinga
Ko te ahupūngao taketake o ngā tataunga hanganga e kapi ana i te pūmau, te miihini o ngā rauemi, te pumau, te hihiri, me te miihini oneone. E hono ana ēnei ariā ki te whakautu i ngā pātai matua: he aha ngā kaha e mahi ana, me pēhea te rere o roto i te hanganga, me pēhea te ātete o ngā huānga ki aua kaha me te kore e rahua, me pēhea te noho tonu o ngā whakarerekētanga i roto i ngā rohe e whakaaetia ana. Mēnā he māramatanga pakari ki te ahupūngao, ka noho te hoahoa hanganga hei tukanga whai take, ine, me te haumaru—ehara i te mea he whakaaro noa iho ki te rahi o ngā huānga. Hei whakamutunga, ko te whare pai he hua o te taurite i waenga i te kaha, te pakari, te pumau, me te māramatanga hohonu ki ngā ture taiao e whakahaere ana i a rātou.
