Ngā Tāpine Wai i roto i ngā Whare Hiko Wai
Ko te hiko wai (PLTA) tētahi o ngā pūtake pūngao whakahou tawhito rawa atu e whakamahia ana e te tangata. I roto i te maha o ngā whenua, tae atu ki a Indonesia, he mea nui te mahi a ngā tipu hiko wai ki te whakarato hiko pumau me te pai mō te taiao. Kei muri i te pūnaha hiko wai ngāwari noa iho—te wai e rere ana, kātahi ka whakaputaina te hiko—ko tētahi wāhanga matua e whakatau ana i te angitu o te huringa pūngao: te tāpine wai. Ko te tāpine wai te "ngakau" o tētahi tipu hiko wai, nā te mea ko tēnei taputapu e huri ana i te pūngao pūmanawa me te pūngao nekeneke o te wai hei pūngao miihini hurihuri, ka hurihia hei pūngao hiko e tētahi miihini whakaputa hiko.
Ngā Mātāpono Mahi Taketake o ngā Whare Hiko Wai
I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakahaerehia ngā tipu hiko wai mā te whakamahi i ngā rerekētanga o te rere o te wai me te rere o te wai. Ko te wai e rongoatia ana i roto i ngā puna wai, e rere ana rānei i roto i ngā awa, ka tukuna mā roto i ngā pene rakau hei whakanui ake i te pēhanga me te whakahaere i ngā tere rere. Ina pā tēnei wai pēhanga ki ngā mata o te tāpine, ka huri te tāpine. Kātahi ka hurihia te pou tāpine hei taraiwa i tētahi whakaputa hiko, ka whakaputa hiko.
Ka taea te mārama ki te pūngao e pā ana ki tēnei tukanga mā te ariā māmā: ko te nui ake o te upoko (te teitei o te wai e taka ana) me te nui ake o te rerenga (te rahinga wai ia hekona), ko te nui ake o te mana pūmanawa ka taea te whakaputa. Heoi, ko te whai huatanga o te tāpine, te hoahoa o te awa wai, me ngā āhuatanga whakahaere e whakatau ana i te nui o te pūngao o te wai ka taea te huri hei hiko.
Te Tūranga Hira o ngā Tāpine Wai
Ehara i te mea ko ngā tāpine wai anake te kaitahuri hiko engari ko ngā kaiwhakahaere hoki mō te whakawhiti o te wai ki te taipana me te hurihanga. Mā te whiriwhiri i te momo tāpine tika ka whakatau i te whai huatanga, te roa o te ora o ngā taputapu, tae atu ki ngā utu tiaki. Me rite te tāpine kua whiriwhiria ki ngā āhuatanga o te papa, inā koa te upoko me te tere rere.
I te parae, kāore he momo tāpine kotahi e pai ana mō ngā āhuatanga katoa. Nō reira, ka tirotirohia e ngā kaihoahoa hiko wai ngā raraunga wai, te āhua o te whenua, me ngā whakaritenga hiko i mua i te whiriwhiri i te tāpine hei tāuta.
Ngā Momo Tāpine Wai e Whakamahia Ana
Ko ngā tāpine wai i roto i ngā tipu hiko wai ka wehea kia rua ngā rōpū nui i runga i te whakamahinga o te pūngao wai: ngā tāpine hiko tere me ngā tāpine hiko tauhohe.
1. Tāpine Ārai (Tāpine Ārai)
Ka mahi ngā tāpine hiko mā te whakamahi i te kaha nekeneke o te wai i roto i te āhua o te pupuhi tere-rahi. Ka tukuna te wai pēhanga mā roto i te pūwero ka pā ki ngā mata o te tāpine, ka huri te tāpine. Ko te pēhanga wai e karapoti ana i te kaikawe (te wāhanga hurihuri o te tāpine) he tata tonu ki te pēhanga o te hau, nō reira ko ngā huringa pēhanga ka puta i roto i te pūwero, ehara i te kaikawe.
Ko ngā momo tāpine hiko tino rongonui ko:
– Tāpine Pelton
He pai ngā tāpine Pelton mō ngā pane teitei me ngā tere rere iti ki te reo. He mata peere-rua te āhua o ēnei tāpine, kua hangaia hei wawahi i te rerenga wai me te huri i te ahunga rere, kia eke ai ki te pana teitei rawa. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā tāpine Pelton i ngā wāhi maunga he nui ngā rerekētanga teitei.
Ko ngā painga o ngā tāpine hikohiko ko tōna hoahoa ngāwari, he pai te whai hua i ngā teitei o te wai, me te ngāwari o te tiaki i raro i ētahi āhuatanga wai. Heoi, mō ngā wāhi he iti ngā teitei me ngā tukunga wai teitei, ehara ngā tāpine hikohiko i te kōwhiringa ōhanga.
2. Tāpine Tauhohenga (Tāpine Tauhohenga)
He rerekē ki ngā tāpine hiko, ka mahi ngā tāpine tauhohenga nā runga i ngā panonitanga o te pēhanga me te tere o te wai i a ia e haere ana i roto i te oma. Ka mahi te tāpine i roto i te whare tāpine (te anga) ā, ka rumakina ki roto i te wai. I konei, ka hurihia te pūngao o te wai hei pūngao miihini mā te whakakotahitanga o ngā kaha pana me te tauhohenga e puta mai ana i te rerekētanga pēhanga.
Ko ngā tāpine tauhohenga e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:
– Tāpine Francis
Ko ngā tāpine Francis ngā mea tino maha ngā whakamahinga, ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā tipu hiko wai nui. He pai mō ngā pane waenga me ngā tukunga waenga. Ka tomo te wai mā te taha radial, ka puta mā te taha tuaka, ka haere mā roto i ngā mata kua hangaia hei whakanui ake i te whai huatanga i runga i tētahi whānuitanga mahi motuhake. He whiringa rongonui ngā tāpine Francis nā te mea he pumau te mahi, he tino pai te whai huatanga, ā, he pai mō ngā āhuatanga whānui.
– Kaplan Turbine (me te Porowhita)
He pai ngā tāpine Kaplan mō ngā pane iti me ngā putanga wai nui, hei tauira, i runga i ngā awa nui, i ngā tāpua rānei he teitei ngawari te maturuturunga wai. He mata whakarerekē ngā tāpine Kaplan, e āhei ai rātou ki te pupuri i te pai o te mahi ahakoa ngā panonitanga o te putanga wai. Ko tētahi momo māmā ake ko te tāpine poroporo, engari kāore i te nuinga o te wā ka taea te whakarerekē i ngā mata, ka iti ake te ngāwari.
Ngā Wāhanga Matua o te Tāpine Wai
Ahakoa he rerekē ngā momo tāpine, kei reira tonu ētahi wāhanga matua e kitea ana i roto i te pūnaha tāpine waihiko:
1. Wira tāpoi (wira tāpoi): te wāhanga hurihuri e whiwhi ana i te pūngao mai i te wai.
2. Ngā mata/pākete: ngā huānga e taunekeneke tika ana ki te rere o te wai.
3. Pū: ka tukuna te hurihanga o te tāpine ki te whakaputa hiko.
4. Ngā arataki i ngā vane/ngā kēti wicket: hei whakahaere i te ahunga me te nui o te rere o te wai ki te oma, he mea nui mō te whakahaere mana me te pumau.
5. Te anga: te whare tāpine e whakahaere ana i te rere me te pupuri i te pēhanga (mō ngā tāpine tauhohenga rānei).
6. Ngongo whakaheke: he paipa horapa kei te taha putanga o te oma (i runga i ngā tāpine tauhohenga te nuinga) e āwhina ana ki te whakahoki mai i te pēhanga me te whakapiki i te pai o te mahi.
Ko te mahi tahi i waenga i ēnei wāhanga ka whakatau i te mahi a te tāpine, i raro i ngā āhuatanga kawenga pīka me ngā āhuatanga kawenga wāhanga.
Ngā Take Whakatau i te Kōwhiringa o te Tāhūpaina
I te hoahoa i tētahi tipu hiko wai, he maha ngā āhuatanga matua e whakaarohia ana i te whiriwhiringa o ngā tāpine:
– Te upoko whai hua: te rerekētanga teitei tuturu i muri i te tango i ngā ngaronga waku i roto i te paipa.
– Te tukunga e wātea ana: te tukunga toharite ā-tau me ngā rerekētanga o ngā wā.
– Te tere hurihuri e hiahiatia ana: e pā ana ki te tukutahitanga o te whakaputa hiko me te auau o te pūnaha hiko.
– Ngā āhuatanga wai: he paru, he onepu, he mea whakakoi rānei kei roto ka tere ake te pakaru.
– Ngā utu haumitanga me te tiaki: tae atu ki te wātea o ngā wāhanga e manawapa ana me te ngāwari o te tiaki.
Hei tauira, he tino pai te tāpine Kaplan mō te ngāwari o te rere o te wai, engari he uaua ake te tikanga. He māmā ake te Pelton i ētahi āhuatanga, engari me teitei te pane kia kore ai e kino.
Te Whai Huatanga Whakahaere me ngā Wero
He tawhā nui te whai huatanga o te tāpine nā te mea ka pā tika ki te nui o te hiko ka taea te whakaputa. Ka taea e ngā tāpine hou te whakatutuki i ngā whai huatanga teitei, tae atu ki runga ake i te 90% i raro i ngā tikanga hoahoa. Heoi, he maha ngā wā ka pāngia te whakahaere tūturu e ngā wero pēnei i:
– Te pokanga: te hanganga o ngā mirumiru mamaoa nā te hekenga o te pēhanga ā-rohe ka kino pea te mata o te mata.
– Te pakū o te paru: ka whakahoroa e ngā matūriki onepu me te paru ngā awaawa me ngā awaawa ārahi, inā koa i ngā awa he nui te paru.
– Ngā rerekētanga o te kawenga: ka akiakihia te tāpine kia mahi i waho o te pūwāhi whai hua tino pai e ngā panonitanga o te tono hiko.
– Te wiri me te pakaru o te peera: ka whakaiti i te pono o te peera mēnā kāore e aroturukitia.
Nō reira, ko ngā tipu hiko wai o ēnei rā he maha ngā pūnaha whakahaere me te aroturuki i te āhua o ngā āhuatanga hei kite wawe i ngā āhuatanga rerekē.
Te Takoha a ngā Tāhūpa Wai ki te Pūngao Tauwhiro
Ka āwhina ngā tāpine wai ki te whakarato hiko me te iti ake o ngā tukunga mahi i ngā tipu hiko wahie pūmua. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e te hiko wai te mahi hei whakaū whatunga nā te mea ka taea e ia te urupare tere ki ngā huringa kawenga. I roto i ētahi pūnaha, ka honoa hoki te hiko wai me ngā kaupapa rokiroki papu hei penapena pūngao, ka waiho ngā tāpine hei mea matua hei tautoko i te whakaurunga o te pūngao rā me te hau.
Heoi anō, he mea nui anō hoki kia whakaarohia ngā pānga taiao me ngā pānga pāpori o ngā hanganga tāpae wai, pērā i ngā huringa ki ngā pūnaha rauropi awa me te nekehanga o te hapori. Nō reira, me whakahaere tika te whiriwhiri i te wāhi, te hoahoa o ngā tāpine wai, me te whakahaere i te rere o te wai.
Te Katinga
Ko ngā tāpine wai te ngākau o ngā tipu hiko wai, e huri ana i te kaha o te wai hei hurihanga miihini ka whakaputa hiko. Ko te momo tāpine—ko Pelton, ko Francis, ko Kaplan, me ētahi atu—ka tīpakohia i runga i te upoko me te tere rere, tae atu ki ngā whakaaro hangarau me te ōhanga. Mēnā he hoahoa tika, ka taea e ngā tāpine wai te mahi tino whai hua me te pono, hei tautoko i te tuku hiko mō te wā roa. I waenganui i te hiahia o te ao mō te kaha ma, ko ngā tāpine wai he hangarau nui tonu e whanake tonu ana, e pā ana ki te whai huatanga, te roa o ngā rauemi, me te kaha ki te mahi i raro i ngā āhuatanga rerekē.
