Te Whakaputa Hiko o te Rā i roto i ngā Pūnaha Pūngao
Kei te piki haere te tūranga nui o ngā tipu hiko o te rā (PLTS) i roto i ngā pūnaha hiko o ēnei rā. Nā te akiaki ki te whakaiti i ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi, te pikinga ake o te tono hiko, me ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau o ngā papahiko o te rā kua waiho te hiko o te rā hei tetahi o ngā puna hiko whakahou e tere tipu haere ana. I roto i te maha o ngā whenua, tae atu ki a Indonesia, e matapaetia ana ka noho te PLTS hei pou matua o te whakawhiti hiko nā tōna kaha nui, te hekenga o ngā utu hangarau, me te ngāwari o te whakatinanatanga—mai i te tauine whare ki ngā ratonga nui.
1. He aha te hiranga o te pūngao o te rā i roto i te pūnaha pūngao?
He whatunga matatini te pūnaha pūngao e kapi ana i ngā pūtake pūngao, te whakaputa, te tuku, te tohatoha, me te whakamahinga. Mō ngā tekau tau, kua whakawhirinaki nui tēnei pūnaha ki ngā wahie pūmua pērā i te waro, te hinu, me te hau. Nā tēnei whakawhirinakitanga kua ara ake ngā raruraru pērā i te nui o ngā tukunga waro, te parahanga o te hau, me te mōrearea o te kore pumau o ngā utu nā ngā piki me ngā heke o te mākete o te ao.
He huarahi kē atu mā te pūngao rā, he huarahi kē atu hoki e ma, e pumau ake ana. He puna pūngao nui, e kore e pau te rā. Ina mahi ngā tipu hiko rā, kāore he tukanga tahunga, ā, kāore rawa he tukunga tika. I roto i te horopaki o te haumarutanga pūngao, ka whakaitihia hoki e ngā tipu hiko rā te whakawhirinaki ki ngā kawemai wahie, ki te tohatoha pūngao rānei mai i ngā pokapū motuhake.
2. Te kaupapa mahi o te PLTS
Ko ngā tipu hiko o te rā e whakamahi ana i te hangarau photovoltaic (PV). Ko ngā waeine PV he mea hanga mai i ngā pūtau rā haurua-ira (he silicon te nuinga). Ina pā ngā photon mai i te rā ki ngā pūtau, ka tukuna ngā irahiko, ka puta he iahiko tika (DC). Kātahi ka hurihia tēnei iahiko DC ki te iahiko tauutuutu (AC) mā te whakamahi i tētahi inverter kia taea ai te whakamahi e ngā taputapu o te whare, te tuku rānei ki te whatunga hiko.
Haunga ngā pūngao hiko photovoltaic, kei reira anō te hangarau hiko pūngao rā kukū (CSP), e kukū ana te wera o te rā hei whakaputa i te mamaoa hei taraiwa i ngā tāpoi. Heoi, i Indonesia me te maha atu o ngā whenua, ko te PV te mea nui ake nā te mea he māmā ake te tāutanga, he ngāwari ki te urutau ki ngā tauine rerekē, me te whakataetae haere o ngā utu haumi.
3. Te tūranga o ngā tipu hiko o te rā i roto i te ranunga pūngao me te tango waro
Ko te ranunga pūngao ko te hanganga o ngā pūtake pūngao e whakamahia ana hei whakatutuki i te hiahia hiko. Ko te whakanui ake i te wāhi o ngā tipu hiko o te rā (PLTS) ko te whakaiti i te wāhi o ngā tipu hiko e ahu mai ana i ngā pūmua. Ka whai wāhi tika tēnei ki ngā whāinga whakaiti tukunga. Hei tāpiri, ka taea te hanga tipu hiko o te rā tere ake i ngā tipu hiko tuku iho nā te mea kāore e hiahiatia he hanganga wahie me ngā tukanga hanga uaua.
I te taumata pūnaha, ka taea e ngā tipu hiko o te rā te mahi hei "whakaputa hiko awatea," e kapi ana i ngā kawenga nui i ngā wā tino nui e pau ana te hiko. I ngā tāone nui, ka piki ake te whakamahinga hiko i te awatea me te ahiahi nā te mahi tari me te whakamahinga hauhautanga. Ko ngā tipu hiko o te rā hoki te nuinga o te hiko e whakaputa ana i ēnei hāora, ā, he mea āwhina tēnei ki te whakaiti i te hiahia mō ngā whakaputa hiko e whakamahia ana e te wahie pūmua hei tāpiri.
4. Ngā momo whakatinanatanga PLTS: i runga i te whatunga, i waho o te whatunga, me te ranu
He maha ngā momo hanganga o ngā tipu hiko o te rā:
1. Ngā PLTS i runga i te whatunga (e hono ana ki te whatunga)
E hono ana tēnei pūnaha ki te whatunga hiko tūmatanui. Ka whakamahia tika te pūngao e puta mai ana, ā, ka taea te whakahoki i te nui o te whakaputanga ki te whatunga hiko (i runga i ngā anga ture ā-rohe). Ko ngā painga ko te iti o ngā utu nā te kore o ngā pākahiko nui, ā, ka whakaratohia e te whatunga he pūtāhui ina iti te whakaputanga o te pūngao rā.
2. Ngā PLTS i waho o te whatunga (motuhake)
He pai mō ngā wāhi tūmatanui kāore he urunga ki te whatunga hiko. Ko te tikanga, me whakamahi pākahiko ēnei pūnaha hei penapena hiko, hei whakarite hoki i te wātea i te pō, i te rangi kapua rānei. He mea nui ngā pūnaha kore-whatunga hiko mō ngā moutere iti, ngā wāhi tūmatanui rānei, ahakoa he nui ake ngā utu haumitanga tuatahi nā te wāhanga rokiroki.
3. Te Whare Hiko Pūngao Rā Ranu
Mā te whakakotahi i ngā tipu hiko o te rā me ētahi atu puna hiko, pērā i te tīhiera, te koiora, tae noa ki te hiko whatunga, ka whakamahia whānuitia ngā pūnaha ranu hei whakapai ake i te pumau o te pūnaha, hei whakaiti i te whakapaunga wahie, me te whakarite i te pumau o te pūngao hiko ina heke te hanga hiko o te rā.
5. Ngā wero o te whakauru i te mana o te rā ki roto i te pūnaha pūngao
Ahakoa he mea whakamīharo, he uaua ngā āhuatanga o ngā tipu hiko o te rā mō ngā kaiwhakahaere pūnaha hiko:
– Te wā whakaroa me te rerekētanga
He nui te whakawhirinakitanga o te kaha o te rā ki te whakaputa hiko. Ka taea e ngā kapua, te ua, me ngā huringa o te wā te whakaputa i ngā rerekētanga o te putanga. Nō reira, me āta whakamahere te whakaurunga o ngā tipu hiko o te rā nui.
– Te hiahia mō te ngāwari o te pūnaha
Me ngāwari ngā atu whakaputa hiko i roto i te whatunga hiko kia taea ai te whakanui ake, te whakaiti iho rānei i runga i ngā panonitanga o te whakaputanga hiko o te rā. Koia te take e kiia ai ngā pūnaha hau, wai, rokiroki rānei hei hoa rautaki mō ngā tipu hiko o te rā.
– Te kaha o te whatunga me te kounga hiko
I ētahi wāhi, kāore anō kia rite te whatunga tohatoha ki te whiwhi i ngā werohanga hiko mai i ngā tipu hiko o te rā, inā koa mēnā he maha ngā tāutanga e tū ana i te wā kotahi. Ko te whakapakari i te whatunga, te whakamahi i ngā inverters e tautoko ana i te pumau o te auau/ngaohiko, me te whakahaere kawenga te mea nui.
6. Te tūranga o ngā pākahiko me te rokiroki pūngao
Kei te piki haere te whakaaro o te rokiroki pūngao hei "hoa tata" o ngā tipu hiko o te rā. Mā ngā pākahiko ka taea te penapena i te hiko e whakaputaina ana i te awatea hei whakamahi i te pō, i te wā kino rānei o te rangi. I roto i ngā pūnaha nui, ka mahi hoki ngā pākahiko hei whakaiti i ngā piki me ngā heke tere, hei āwhina i te whakahaere auau, hei whakarei ake i te pono.
Haunga ngā pākahiko lithium-ion, ko ētahi atu kōwhiringa ko te rokiroki wai papu, ngā wira rere, me te rokiroki hauwai (mana-ki-hau). He painga me he herenga tō ia pākahiko e pā ana ki te utu, te whai huatanga, te tauwāhi, me te tauine. Heoi, e whakaatu ana ngā au o te ao kei te heke tonu ngā utu pākahiko, ā, ka piki haere te whai huatanga o te whakatinanatanga.
7. Ngā āhuatanga ōhanga: ngā utu, ngā haumitanga, me ngā painga
I ngā tau tata nei, kua tino heke te utu o ngā waeine hiko o te rā. Nā tēnei ka waiho ngā tipu hiko o te rā hei tetahi o ngā momo whakaputa hiko tino whakataetae i roto i ngā rohe maha. Ko ngā painga ōhanga matua o ngā tipu hiko o te rā ko:
– Ngā utu haumitanga tuatahi (CAPEX): ngā panera, ngā kaitahuri, ngā hanganga whakairi, ngā taura, te tiakitanga, ā, mō ētahi pūnaha, ngā pākahiko.
– Ngā utu whakahaere (OPEX): he iti noa iho nā te mea kāore he hoko wahie; ko te tiaki i te nuinga o te wā ko te horoi i ngā panera, ngā tirotiro, me te whakakapi i te inverter i muri i tētahi tau kua whakaritea.
– Ngā painga mō te wā roa: te penapena utu hiko, te pumau o te utu pūngao, me te whai wāhi ki ngā whāinga taiao.
I tētahi atu taha, me tautoko te haumitanga ki ngā tipu hiko o te rā e te pūtea pakari, te māramatanga o ngā ture, me te rite o ngā umanga ā-rohe ki te whakapakari i te mekameka tuku.
8. Ngā whai wāhitanga mō ngā tipu hiko o te rā i Initonīhia
He pai te kaha o te hihi o te rā ki Initonīhia i roto i ngā rohe maha, me te hiahia nui ki te whakamahi hiko me te pūngao ma. He maha ngā whai wāhitanga ki ngā tipu hiko rā (PV) i runga i te tuanui i ngā tāone nui, ngā tipu hiko rā e rere ana i roto i ngā puna wai, me ngā tipu hiko rā (PV) i runga i te whenua e tika ana. Hei tāpiri, mā te whakamahi i te PV i ngā rohe tūmatanui ka tere ake te urunga atu ki te hiko me te whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki ngā miihini whakaputa hinu tīhi utu nui me te poke.
Mā ngā kaupapa whakangungu tohunga hangarau, ngā paerewa tāutanga kua whakapaitia, me te tautoko i te umanga hanga wāhanga ka taea hoki te waihanga mahi hou. Mēnā he kaupapa here tika, ka taea e ngā tipu hiko o te rā te noho hei miihini mō te tipu ōhanga matomato.
9. Ngā take pumau me te hangarua
Ko tētahi āwangawanga ko te whakahaere para o ngā panera rā i te mutunga o tōna oranga whai hua (ko te tikanga he 20–30 tau). Ahakoa ka whakaputahia e ngā panera rā te hiko ma, me whai whakaaro anō hoki tētahi pūnaha pūngao pumau ki te hangarua o ngā rauemi pēnei i te karāhe, te konumohe, me ētahi wāhanga haurua-ira. Mā te whakawhanake i tētahi pūnaha hangarua me ngā ture whakahaere para-hiko ka tino whai hua ngā painga taiao o ngā tipu hiko rā.
Whakamutunga
He wāhanga nui ngā tipu hiko o te rā mō ngā pūnaha hiko o te heke mai. Ka tukuna e rātou he hiko ma, he utu whakataetae haere, ā, he whānui te ngāwari o te whakatinanatanga. Heoi, ko te whakaurunga hiko o te rā nui e hiahia ana kia rite te whatunga hiko, kia ngāwari te pūnaha, kia pumau te rokiroki hiko me te tautoko kaupapa here. Mā te whakakotahi i te hangarau, te whakamahere pūnaha hiko, me ngā rautaki putea tika, ka taea e ngā tipu hiko o te rā te whakateretere i te whakawhiti ki tētahi pūnaha hiko pono, utu tika, me te pumau.
