Te Whakahaere Ngaohiko i roto i ngā Pūnaha Mana
Ko te whakahaere ngaohiko i roto i tētahi pūnaha hiko ko te tukanga o te pupuri i ngā taumata ngaohiko i ngā wāhi rerekē o te whatunga—mai i te whakaputanga, te tuku, te tohatoha, tae noa ki te kiritaki—i roto i ngā rohe e whakaaetia ana. Ka taea e te ngaohiko iti rawa (ngaohiko iti rawa) teitei rawa rānei (ngaohiko nui rawa) te whakaiti i te kounga o te pūtake hiko, te whakanui ake i ngā mate, te whakateretere i te koroheketanga o ngā taputapu, tae atu ki te whakaoho i ngā raruraru o te pūnaha. Nā te mea kei te piki haere tonu ngā kawenga hiko, ko te whakahaere ngaohiko tētahi o ngā mahi tino nui i roto i te whakahaeretanga o te pūnaha hiko hou.
He aha me whakahaere ai te hiko?
Ko te mea tino pai, ka whiwhi ngā kiritaki i te ngaohiko e tata ana ki te uara ingoa (hei tauira, 220/380 V i te taha iti) me te iti o te rerekētanga. I ngā āhuatanga o te ao tūturu, ka heke te ngaohiko i roto i te raina nā ngā rerekētanga o te kawenga, te mokowā o ngā ara iahiko, me te whirihoranga whatunga. I te pikinga o te kawenga, ka piki ake te iahiko, ā, ka piki ake te hekenga o te ngaohiko puta noa i te aukati raina. I tetahi atu taha, i raro i ngā kawenga māmā, i te wā rānei e werohia ana te mana tauhohe nui rawa, ka piki ake te ngaohiko.
He whānuitia ngā pānga o te ngaohiko iti iho i te paerewa. Hei tauira, ka nui ake te iahiko ka kukumehia e ngā motuka hiko whakapūmau ina heke te ngaohiko hei pupuri i te taipana, ka wera rawa, ka tere ake pea te pakaru. I roto i ngā pūnaha rama, ka whakaitihia e te ngaohiko iti ngā rama, engari ka whakapotohia e te ngaohiko teitei te roa o te ora. Me whai ngaohiko pumau hoki ngā taputapu hiko tairongo kia pai ai te mahi. Mō ngā ratonga hiko, ka taea e ngā rerekētanga ngaohiko te whakanui ake i te ngaronga o te mana, te whakaiti i te pai o te mahi, me te whakaiti i ngā tohu kounga mana.
Ngā Ariā Taketake : Te Mana Tauhohe me te Kōtaha Ngaohiko
Ko te mea nui ki te whakahaere i te ngaohiko i roto i te pūnaha hiko ko te whakahaere i te mana tauhohe (VAR). I te nuinga o te wā, ka pā nui te rere o te mana tauhohe ki ngā taumata ngaohiko, inā koa i roto i ngā whatunga he ātete matua te tauhohenga (pērā i ngā raina tuku). Ina kore te mana tauhohenga o te pūnaha, ka heke te ngaohiko. Ina nui rawa te mana tauhohenga o te pūnaha, ka piki te ngaohiko.
He maha ngā wā ka whakaahuahia tēnei whanaungatanga mā te kōpiko V–Q: ka nekehia te ngaohiko o te pahi e ngā panonitanga o te werohanga, te mimiti rānei o te VAR i te pahi. Nō reira, he maha ngā kaiwhakahaere ngaohiko e mahi ana hei kaiwhakahaere VAR, mā te whakaputa, te mimiti, te whakahaere rānei i tō rātou tohatoha i roto i te whatunga.
Ngā Paerewa me ngā Herenga o te Ngaohiko
Ko ngā ture hangarau e tohu ana i ngā ātete ngaohiko motuhake i ngā wāhi tuku a te kiritaki. I roto i te maha o ngā pūnaha tohatoha , ko ngā rerekētanga e whakaaetia ana mai i te ±5% ki te ±10% o te uara ingoa, i runga i te paerewa me te kāwai kiritaki. I roto i ngā pūnaha tuku, ka tino whakahaerehia hoki ngā here ngaohiko i ngā pahi matua nā te mea ka pā ki te pumau me te haumaru o te mahi.
Haunga ngā uara pumau, ka aro atu hoki ngā kaiwhakahaere ki ngā āhuatanga ngaohiko tauwhiro pērā i te hekenga (ngā hekenga ngaohiko poto), te pupuhi (ngā pikinga poto), me te kimo. Ahakoa e aro ana tēnei tuhinga ki te whakahaere ngaohiko pumau, ka taea hoki e ngā taputapu whakahaere ngaohiko tere te āwhina ki te whakaiti i ēnei take hihiri.
Ngā Tikanga me ngā Taputapu Whakahaere Ngaohiko
Ka whakahaerehia te whakahaere ngaohiko i ngā taumata maha, mā te whakamahi i te huinga o ngā taputapu e whai ake nei.
1) Pūnaha Whakaoho Pūkaha (Kaiwhakahaere Ngaohiko Aunoa/AVR)
I te tipu hiko, ka whakahaere te AVR i te ia whakaoho o te kaihanga hiko tukutahi hei whakahaere i tōna ngaohiko pito. Mā te whakanui ake i te whakaoho, ka taea e te kaihanga hiko te tuku atu i te mana tauhohe, ā, ka whakanui ake i te ngaohiko pūnaha. Mā te whakaiti i te whakaoho, ka mimiti te kaihanga hiko i ngā VAR ka whakaiti i te ngaohiko. He tere te urupare a te AVR, ā, ko ia te rārangi parepare matua hei pupuri i te ngaohiko i te tipu hiko me ngā raina tuku tata.
Heoi, ko te mahi a te pūkaha hiko e herea ana e te kōpiko kaha e pā ana ki ngā rohe wera o te stator/rotor me ngā rohe pumau. Nō reira, kaua te whakahaere ngaohiko e akiaki i te pūkaha hiko kia mahi i tua atu i ōna rohe haumaru.
2) Whakawhiti me te Huringa Tap i runga i te Utaina (OLTC)
I roto i ngā pūnaha tuku me te tohatoha , ka taea e ngā whakawhiti hiko OLTC te whakarerekē i te ōwehenga hurihanga i te wā e mahi tonu ana te whakawhiti hiko. Mā te whakarerekē i te pūwero, ka taea te whakanui, te whakaheke rānei i te ngaohiko tuarua kia mau tonu ai te ngaohiko i tētahi whāngai tohatoha motuhake, i tētahi pahi rānei.
He tino whai hua ngā OLTC ki te whakaea i ngā rerekētanga o te kawenga o ia rā, engari kāore tā rātou urupare i te tere rite ki ngā taputapu hiko hiko. Hei tāpiri, mā te whakarerekētanga auau o ngā tap ka tere ake te pakaru o ngā hononga whakawhiti tap. Nō reira, he mate te hononga me te whakaroa wā o ngā kaiwhakahaere OLTC hei ārai i te "hopu" i ngā wā iti o ngā rerekētanga.
3) Ngā Pūngao Shunt me ngā Tauhohenga Shunt
Ka tāutahia ngā pūnga hiko shunt ki roto i te whatunga hei tuku i te mana tauhohe ā-rohe, ā, ka whakaitihia te ia tauhohe me rere mai i tētahi pūtake mamao. Ko te mutunga mai he iti iho te hekenga ngaohiko, he iti iho ngā mate IR, ā, he nui ake te ngaohiko pito-uta. He mea noa te whakamahi i ngā pūnga hiko i roto i te tohatoha (ngā peeke pūnga hiko) me te tuku.
He rerekē, ka whakamahia ngā tauhohenga whakawhiti hei mimiti i te mana tauhohe nui rawa, hei tauira, i runga i ngā raina tuku roa, māmā te utaina, e pāngia ana e te pānga Ferranti (ka piki ake te ngaohiko pito-whiwhi). Ka āwhina ngā tauhohenga ki te pupuri i te pikinga ngaohiko ki roto i ngā rohe.
Ka taea te whakaū, te whakawhiti rānei i ngā pūnga hiko me ngā tauhohenga mā te whakamahi i ngā kaiwawao ara iahiko e whakahaeretia aunoa ana i runga i te ngaohiko, te ine mana, te wātaka rānei.
4) SVC me STATCOM (Ngāwari me te Tere)
I roto i ngā pūnaha hou, ka whakaratohia e ngā taputapu FACTS pēnei i ngā SVC (Static VAR Compensators) me ngā STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensators) he utu VAR tere me te haere tonu. Ka whakamahia e ngā SVC ngā thyristors hei whakahaere i te tauhohenga whai hua, ko ngā STATCOM ia ka whakamahi i te inverter pūtake ngaohiko (VSC) hei wero i te iahiko tauhohenga whakahaeretia.
Ko te painga matua o tēnei taputapu ko tōna urupare tere hihiri, he mea tino whai hua mō te tū atu ki ngā hekenga ngaohiko ohorere, te whakapai ake i te pumau o te ngaohiko, me te āwhina i te pūnaha ki te aro atu ki ngā raruraru, ki ngā huringa kawenga nui rānei.
5) Te Whakahaere Ngaohiko i roto i te Tohatoha: Ngā Kaiwhakahaere Ngaohiko me te Whakahaere Utaina
I roto i ngā whatunga tohatoha waenga, ka whakanohoia ngā kaiwhakahaere ngaohiko (ngā whakawhiti aunoa me ngā whakawhiti tap) ki waenganui o ngā whāngai hei pupuri i te ngaohiko kiritaki i te pito o te whatunga. Hei tāpiri, mā te whirihoranga anō o te whatunga me te tiritiri kawenga i waenga i ngā whāngai ka āwhina hoki ki te whakapai ake i te kōtaha ngaohiko.
I te taha kiritaki ahumahi, mā te whakamahi i ngā pūnga whakatikatika ira mana, ngā tātari harmonic, ngā taputapu utu hihiri rānei ka taea te whakaiti i ngā whakaritenga VAR o te whatunga me te pupuri i te pumau o te ngaohiko o roto o te tipu.
6) Te Tūranga o te Pūngao Whakahou me ngā Pūnaha Hurihuri Hou
Kei te whakarerekē te whakaurunga o ngā tipu hiko whakahou e hangai ana ki te inverter (PLTS, PLTB) i te huarahi whakahaere hiko. Ka taea e ngā inverter hou te whakarato i te mana whakahaere VAR (Volt-VAR) me te whakahaere Volt-Watt hei ārai i te ngaohiko nui rawa atu i runga i ngā whāngai he nui te urunga PV. Heoi, kua uaua ake te mahi tahi i waenga i ngā inverter, ngā OLTC, me ngā capacitor kia kore ai e puta he oscillations ture, he mahi taupatupatu rānei.
Te Whakaritenga Whakahaere Ngaohiko
Ehara i te mea ko te whakahohe noa i tētahi taputapu te whakahaere i te ngaohiko, engari ko te whakarite i ngā taputapu maha i runga i ngā tauine wā rerekē:
– Tere (miritēkona–hēkona): AVR whakaputa hiko, SVC/STATCOM, mana whakahaere inverter.
– Waenga (hēkona–meneti): whakawhiti pūnga/tauhohenga, tautuhinga pūwāhi tautuhinga ngaohiko.
– Pōturi (meneti–hāora): Ngā whakawhiti hiko OLTC, whirihoranga whatunga anō, tukunga whakaputanga tauhohe.
I roto i te pokapū whakahaere, ka aroturukihia e ngā kaiwhakahaere te ngaohiko pahi, te rere o te mana tauhohe, me te tūnga o ngā taputapu. Ka whakamahia ngā rangahau rere kawenga hei whakamahere me te aromatawai i ngā horopaki whakahaere. I roto i ngā pūnaha nui, ka āwhina ngā kaupapa whakahaere aunoa pēnei i te Mana Ngaohiko Aunoa (AVC) me te Arotautanga Volt/VAR (VVO) ki te pupuri i te ngaohiko me te whakaiti i ngā ngaronga pūngao.
Wero: Te Pūmautanga o te Ngaohiko me te Hinganga o te Ngaohiko
Ko tētahi o ngā mōrearea tino kino ko te hinganga o te ngaohiko, he āhuatanga e kore ai e taea e te pūnaha te pupuri i te ngaohiko nā te kore o te tautoko tauhohe, i muri i te raruraru, i te wā rānei e nui ana ngā kawenga. Ka heke te ngaohiko, ka nui ake te iahiko e kukumehia ana e ngā kawenga, ka piki ake te tono VAR, ā, ka kino haere te hekenga o te ngaohiko—ka puta he huringa ka arahi pea ki te pōuri whānui.
Hei ārai i tēnei, me whai rawaka ngā rahui tauhohenga, me whakanoho tika ngā taputapu whakaōrite, me te tiakitanga taurite, me te aroturuki i ngā tawhā pumau ngaohiko (hei tauira, mā te tātaritanga pihi PV me te pihi QV).
Whakamutunga
Ko te whakahaere hiko i roto i tētahi pūnaha hiko he huinga o ngā rautaki hangarau me ngā rautaki whakahaere hei pupuri i te kounga me te pono o te tuku hiko. Ko te kaupapa matua o ngā take hiko e pā tata ana ki te whakahaere hiko tauhohe, nō reira he maha ngā taputapu—ngā AVR whakaputa hiko, ngā whakawhiti OLTC, ngā pūnga/pūngao hiko, ngā SVC/STATCOM, ngā kaiwhakahaere tohatoha, me ngā kaitahuri hiko whakahou—e whakamahia ana hei waihanga i tētahi kōtaha hiko haumaru. Mā te mahi tahi pai, ka taea e te pūnaha hiko te mahi pai ake, te pumau, me te kaha ki te aro atu ki ngā nekehanga kawenga me ngā wero o te whakaurunga hiko whakahou.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te tāpiri i tētahi tūtohi rere whakahaere Volt/VAR, he tauira tataunga maturuturunga ngaohiko māmā, he putanga mātauranga katoa rānei o te hanganga tuhinga me ngā tohutoro me te rārangi pukapuka.
