Ngā Mātāpono Taketake o te Pūngao Hiko i roto i ngā Pūnaha Mana
Ko te pūngao hiko tētahi o ngā momo pūngao e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te ao hou, mai i te rama me te hanga whare ki ngā pūnaha kawe waka me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero. Ahakoa tōna māmā noa iho, ka whakaputahia, ka tukuna, ka tohatohahia hoki te pūngao hiko mā roto i tētahi whatunga nui e kiia nei ko te pūnaha hiko. Kia mahi haumaru ai tēnei pūnaha, kia pumau, kia whai hua ai hoki, he mea nui te mārama ki ngā mātāpono taketake o te pūngao hiko, ngā āhuatanga kawenga, me te rere o te hiko mai i ngā whakaputa hiko ki ngā kaihoko. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ēnei mātāpono taketake hei tūāpapa mō te mārama ki te whakahaere o te pūnaha hiko.
1. Te mārama ki te pūngao hiko me ngā rahinga taketake
I te whakarapopototanga, ko te pūngao hiko te kaha o te hiko ki te mahi. I roto i te horopaki o ngā ara iahiko me ngā pūnaha hiko, e pā ana te pūngao hiko ki te nekehanga o te utu hiko nā te rerekētanga pūmanawa (ngaohiko). Ko ētahi o ngā rahinga taketake e puta tonu ana i roto i te tātari pūnaha hiko ko:
– Ngaohiko (V): te rerekētanga pūmanawa hiko e "pana" ana i te rere o te iahiko. Wāhanga: ngaohiko (V).
– Ia au (I): te tere o te rere o te utu hiko. Wāhanga: āpere (A).
– Mana (P): te tere o te whakamahinga, te tohatoha rānei o te pūngao hiko mō ia waeine wā. Waeine: watt (W).
– Pūngao (E): te mana kua kohia i roto i te wā. Ko te tikanga e whakaatuhia ana i roto i ngā haora-watt (Wh) me ngā haora-kilowatt (kWh) rānei.
Ko te whanaungatanga taketake i waenga i te mana, te ngaohiko, me te iahiko i roto i te pūnaha DC, i te pūnaha AC ātete-tūturu rānei ka taea te whakaatu penei:
P = V × I.
I taua wā, ko te pūngao hiko e whakamahia ana i roto i tētahi wā ko:
E = P × t .
I roto i te mahi pūnaha hiko, ko te waeine kWh te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana hei tatau i te whakapaunga a te kiritaki nā te mea e pā tika ana ki ngā utu hiko.
2. Te ariā o te whakaputa, te tuku me te tohatoha
E toru ngā wāhanga matua o te pūnaha hiko:
1. Te Whakaputa: ka hurihia te pūngao tuatahi (waro, hau, wai, waiariki, hau, rā, karihi) hei pūngao hiko mā te whakamahi i tētahi whakaputa hiko.
2. Tuku: ka tukuna te hiko mai i te mīhini whakaputa hiko ki te pokapū kawenga mā ngā raina ngaohiko teitei i tawhiti.
3. Tohatoha: ka whakaitihia te ngaohiko o te hiko kia tohatohahia ki ngā kiritaki (ngā whare, ngā pakihi, ngā ahumahi).
He aha te take e whakamahia ai te ngaohiko teitei e te tuku hiko? Nā te mea mō te mana kotahi, mā te whakanui ake i te ngaohiko ka whakaitihia te iahiko. Ko ngā ngaronga i roto i te ara iahiko ko ngā ngaronga wera (I²R) te nuinga, nō reira ko ngā iahiko iti he iti ake ngā ngaronga me te pūnaha pai ake.
3. Mana i roto i ngā pūnaha AC: kaha, tauhohe, me te kitea
Ko te nuinga o ngā pūnaha hiko e whakamahi ana i te au hiko tauutuutu (AC) nā te mea he māmā ake te piki/heke me ngā whakawhiti hiko, ā, he pai ake hoki mō te tuku hiko tawhiti. Heoi, ka whakauruhia e te AC ngā ariā hiko uaua ake nā te rerekētanga ā-wāhanga i waenga i te ngaohiko me te au, inā koa mō ngā kawenga whakauru (mōta, whakawhiti hiko) me ngā kawenga āheinga (ngā peeke āheinga).
I roto i te pūnaha AC sinusoidal, ka wehea te mana ki:
– Mana hohe (P): te mana e whakamahia ana hei whakaputa mahi tūturu (hurihuri motuka, whakamahana, rama). Wāhanga: wati (W).
– Mana tauhohe (Q): te mana tauhohe kua rongoatia, kua tukuna hoki e tētahi huānga whakaawe/kaha, kāore e puta he mahi tūturu engari e tika ana hei hanga i tētahi papa aukume, papa hiko rānei. Wāhanga: volt-amperes tauhohe (VAR).
– Mana āhua (S): te huinga o ngā whārite P me Q, e tohu ana i te kaha katoa me whakarato e te pūtake/hongere. Ngā waeine: ngā volt-amperes (VA).
Ko te whanaungatanga i waenganui i te tokotoru ka hanga i tētahi tapatoru mana:
S² = P² + Q² .
He mea nui tēnei ariā nā te mea me kaha ngā taputapu (ngā whakaputa hiko, ngā whakawhiti hiko, ngā taura) ki te kawe i te mana āhua, kaua ko te mana hohe anake, kia taumaha rawa ai te pūnaha i te mana tauhohe nui.
4. Te tauwehenga mana me tōna pānga ki te whai huatanga
Ko te tauwehenga mana (cos φ) te ōwehenga o te mana hohe ki te mana kitea:
pf = P / S = cos φ .
Ko te uara o te tauwehenga mana kei waenga i te 0 ki te 1. I roto i ngā kawenga whakaawe, ka whakaroa te iahiko i muri i te ngaohiko, nō reira he iti te tauwehenga mana. Ka puta te iti o te tauwehenga mana:
– He iahiko nui ake mō te mana hohe ōrite.
– Ka piki ake ngā mate I²R, ka piki ake hoki te wera o ngā ara iahiko.
– He nui ake te hekenga ngaohiko.
– Ko te kaha o te whakawhiti hiko me te whakaputa hiko ka "whakamahia" hei tuku i te Q, ehara i te P anake.
Nō reira, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā pūnaha hiko te utu mana tauhohe, hei tauira mā te whakamahi i ngā pēke pūnga, i ngā taputapu FACTS rānei, hei whakapai ake i te tauwehenga mana me te pupuri i te pumau o te ngaohiko.
5. Ngā Whakawhiti me te tūranga o te ngaohiko i roto i ngā pūnaha hiko
He wāhanga matua ngā whakawhiti hiko o ngā pūnaha hiko AC. Ka mahi rātou i runga i te kaupapa o te whakapūngao hikohiko, e whakarerekē ana i ngā taumata ngaohiko me te kore e whakarerekē i te auau. Me te whakawhiti hiko:
– Ka whakanuia te ngaohiko i te taha whakaputa mō te tuku hiko tawhiti (ka whakaiti i te iahiko me ngā mate).
– Ka whakaitihia te ngaohiko kia tata atu ki te kaihoko hei whakarite i te haumaru me te hototahi ki ngā taputapu.
Ko te mea tino pai, he rite tonu te mana o te taha tuatahi me te taha tuarua (haunga ngā mate):
V₁I₁ ≈ V₂I₂ .
E kī ana tēnei, i te pikinga o te ngaohiko, ka heke te iahiko, ā, ko te ritenga kē. Koinei te mātāpono matua e whakamahi ai ngā whatunga tuku hiko i ngā ngaohiko teitei.
6. Te ture a Ohm me te aukati i roto i ngā raina hiko
I roto i ngā pūnaha hiko, ehara i te mea he ātete anake ngā kaiārahi hiko, engari he inductance me te capacitance anō hoki, inā koa i roto i ngā raina roa. Nō reira, ko te tikanga o te tātaritanga he whakamahi i te aukati (Z) hei utu mō te R anake. Ko te aukati he huinga o te ātete me te tauhohenga:
Z = R + jX.
– Ka puta te mate mana tūturu (wera) i te R (ātete).
– Ka pā te X (tauhohenga) ki te rere o te mana tauhohenga me te kōtaha ngaohiko.
Mō tētahi whatunga AC, ko ngā whanaungatanga taketake ko:
V = I × Z.
Mā tēnei ka āwhina i te tātari i ngā hekenga ngaohiko, ngā mate, me te pumau o te pūnaha. I roto i te tuku tawhiti, he tino kaha te awe o te tauhohenga, ā, he mea nui te whakahaere me te utu i te mana tauhohenga.
7. Te rere o te hiko me te taurite o te kawenga whakaputa
Ko tētahi o ngā mātāpono tino nui o te whakahaere i te pūnaha hiko ko te taurite o te hiko: i ngā wā katoa, me ōrite te hiko e whakaputaina ana ki te hiko e pau ana i te kawenga me ngā mate whatunga. Mena he iti iho te whakaputanga i te kawenga, ka heke te auau; ki te nui ake te whakaputanga, ka piki ake te auau. Koia te take e hiahiatia ai e ngā pūnaha hiko:
– Te whakahaere auau mā te kaiārahi i runga i te whakaputa hiko me te whakahaere kawenga.
– Te whakahaere i te ngaohiko mā te whakaoho i te pūkaha whakaputa hiko, te tautuhinga o te taputapu whakawhiti hiko, me te utu tauhohenga.
I roto i te nuinga o ngā whenua, ka mau tonu te auau o te pūnaha ki tētahi uara paerewa (hei tauira, 50 Hz). Ko te pumau o te auau e tohu ana i tētahi pūnaha taurite, whakahaeretia hoki.
8. Te tiakitanga me te pono: te haumaru hei kaupapa matua
He morearea te hiko mēnā kāore e whakahaerea tika. Me whai parenga ngā pūnaha hiko hei ārai i te kino o ngā taputapu me te tiaki i te tangata. Ka taea e ngā hapa pēnei i te ara iahiko poto, te uira, te pakaru o te whakamarumaru, te taumaha rawa rānei te whakaputa i ngā iahiko tino teitei. Nō reira, ka whakamahia ēnei e whai ake nei:
– Pūwhakawhiti ara iahiko,
– Te whakawhiti tiaki,
– Pūwero,
– Pūnaha whenua,
– Ngā rākau uira me ngā ārai uira.
Ka whakarei ake hoki i te pono o te pūnaha mā te whakamahi anō i te whatunga, te tiaki auau, me te aroturuki i te āhua o ngā taputapu. Ko te whāinga kia mau tonu te tuku hiko ahakoa he raruraru kei tētahi wāhanga o te pūnaha.
9. Te whai huatanga me ngā ngaronga i roto i ngā pūnaha hiko
Ko ngā mate matua i roto i ngā pūnaha hiko ko:
– Ngā mate ātete (I²R) i roto i ngā ara iahiko me ngā koiri whakawhiti hiko.
– Ngā ngaronga o te matua o te whakawhiti hiko (hysteresis me te au hurihuri).
– Ngā ngaronga ā-mīhini i roto i te whakaputa hiko (te waku, te hau).
– Ngā mate e pā ana ki te kounga o te mana pērā i ngā hauropi mai i ngā kawenga kore-raina.
Ka whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te pūnaha mā te hoahoa whatunga pai, te whiriwhiri tika i te ngaohiko tuku, te whakapai ake i te tauwehenga mana, te whakamahinga o ngā kaiārahi kounga teitei, me te whakamahinga o ngā hangarau aroturuki me te whakahaere hou.
Whakamutunga
Ko ngā mātāpono taketake o te pūngao hiko i roto i ngā pūnaha hiko ko ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i te ngaohiko, te iahiko, te mana, me te pūngao; te ariā o te mana tauhohe kaha-āhua i roto i ngā pūnaha AC; te tūranga o ngā whakawhiti hiko i roto i te whakahaere ngaohiko; te awe o te aukati me ngā ngaronga i roto i te tuku; me te hiranga o te taurite whakaputa-kawenga hei pupuri i te auau me te ngaohiko. Haunga ngā āhuatanga hangarau, ka whakawhirinaki hoki ngā pūnaha hiko ki ngā rautaki tiaki, whakahaere, me te pono hei whakarite i te tohatoha hiko haumaru me te pumau. Mā te mārama ki ēnei kaupapa taketake, ka kite tātou ko te hiko e "hurihia ana e tātou he pana" he hua o tētahi pūnaha uaua me te ine e rere ana mai i te tipu hiko ki ō tātou kāinga.
