Te Papatonotanga Pūmana-iti mō ngā Tīmatanga
Kua tino hiahiatia te hōtaka rorohiko iti i roto i te ao hangarau hou. He waeine rorohiko iti te pūmana iti kei roto ko te CPU, te mahara, me ngā taputapu whakauru/putanga kua whakauruhia ki roto i te maramara kotahi. He maha ngā whakamahinga o ngā pūmana iti i roto i ngā taputapu hiko o ia rā pēnei i ngā pouaka whakaata, ngā mīhini horoi, ngā oumu ngaruiti, me ngā momo taputapu ahumahi. Ka kapi i tēnei tuhinga ngā kaupapa matua o te hōtaka rorohiko iti mō ngā tīmatanga, tae atu ki ngā taputapu me ngā reo hōtaka noa, me ngā mahi hei tīmata i tō kaupapa tuatahi.
He aha te Pūmanaiti?
He rorohiko iti te pūmana iti i roto i tētahi ara iahiko whakauru kotahi (IC) i hangaia hei whakahaere i ngā taputapu hiko. Ko te tikanga he mea hanga te pūmana iti i ēnei:
– Wāhanga Tukatuka Matua (PTM)
– Mahara Uru Matapōkere (RAM)
– Mahara Pānui-Anake (ROM)
– Ngā Tauranga I/O (Tāuru/Putanga)
- Taima
– Ngā taputapu tāpiri pēnei i te ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) me te DAC (Digital to Analog Converter)
Ko ētahi tauira o ngā pūmana iti e rongonui ana i waenga i ngā kaitākaro hākinakina me ngā tohunga ngaio ko te raupapa AVR mai i Atmel, PIC mai i Microchip Technology, me ARM Cortex-M mai i ARM Holdings.
Ngā Taputapu me ngā Pūmanawa e Hiahiatia ana
Hei tīmata i te hōtaka i ngā pūmana iti, me hiahia koe ki ētahi taputapu me ngā pūmanawa taketake:
1. Pūmana iti, Papa Whakawhanake rānei: Hei tauira, Arduino, STM32 Nucleo, Raspberry Pi Pico rānei.
2. Taura USB: E whakamahia ana hei hono i te papa whanaketanga ki te rorohiko.
3. Rorohiko me te pūnaha whakahaere Windows, macOS, Linux rānei.
4. Taiao Whakawhanake Whakauru (IDE): He tūāpapa mō te tuhi, te tukuake, me te whakamātautau waehere. Ko ngā tauira o ngā IDE e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko Arduino IDE, MPLAB X IDE (mō PIC), me Keil uVision (mō ARM).
5. Reo Hōtaka: Ko C/C++ te reo e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te hōtaka rorohiko iti-pūmana, ahakoa ka taea e ētahi papa pēnei i a Arduino te whakamahi i ngā reo māmā ake o C++.
Te tīmatanga ki a Arduino
He tūāpapa rongonui a Arduino mō ngā kaiwhakahaere iti, ā, he pai mō ngā tīmatanga. He maha ngā papa a Arduino, pērā i te Arduino Uno, Mega, me Nano, e whakamahi ana i ngā kaiwhakahaere iti AVR (pērā i te ATmega328). Anei ngā mahi taketake hei tīmata i te hōtaka i ngā kaiwhakahaere iti me Arduino:
Tāutanga me te Whakatūnga o te Arduino IDE
1. Tikiake i te Arduino IDE: Tirohia te paetukutuku mana o Arduino (www.arduino.cc) ka tikiake i te putanga hou o te Arduino IDE e tika ana mō tō pūnaha whakahaere.
2. Tāutahia te Arduino IDE: Whāia ngā tohutohu tāutanga hei tāuta i te Arduino IDE ki tō rorohiko.
3. Hononga Papa Arduino: Whakamahia he taura USB hei hono i tō papa Arduino ki tō rorohiko. Kia tika te tāutanga o ngā taraiwa papa.
4. Tīpakohia te Papa me te Tauranga: Whakatuwheratia te Arduino IDE, whakatere ki `Utauta` -> `Papa`, ka tīpako i te momo papa e whakamahia ana e koe (hei tauira, Arduino Uno). Muri iho, tīpakohia `Utauta` -> `Tauranga` ka tīpako i te tauranga raupapa e tika ana.
Kaupapa Tuatahi – "Kia ora te ao" me te LED
Ko tētahi o ngā kaupapa tuatahi e mahia ana e te hunga tīmata ko te whakakoi i te rama LED, e mōhiotia ana ko te kaupapa "Hello World" i roto i te kaupapa rorohiko moroiti.
1. Whakatuwheratia te Arduino IDE: Whakatuwheratia te Arduino IDE ka tīpako i te `File` -> `New` hei waihanga i tētahi tātuhinga hou.
2. Tuhia te Waehere Papatono: Tāuruhia te waehere e whai ake nei hei whakakoi i te rama LED kei runga i te pine 13.
"`c"
whakakahoretanga whakakahore () {
// Tautuhia te pine 13 hei PUTANGA
pinMode (13, OUTPUT);
}
koropiko koretake () {
digitalWrite(13, TEITEI); // Whakakāhia te rama LED
whakaroa(1000); // Taria mō te 1 hēkona
digitalWrite(13, ITI); // Whakawetohia te rama LED
whakaroa(1000); // Taria mō te 1 hēkona
}
""
3. Tukuatu te Papatono: Pāwhiritia te pātene `Tukuatu` i roto i te Arduino IDE hei tuku ake i te waehere ki te papa Arduino. Ka tīmata te rama LED i te pine 13 ki te kimo i ia hēkona.
Te Mārama ki ngā Kaupapa Taketake o te Papatonotanga Pūmana-iti
Kia oti pai tō kaupapa tuatahi, ko te mahi e whai ake nei ko te mārama ki ētahi ariā taketake o te hōtaka moroiti:
Ngā pine I/O
Ko ngā pine I/O te atanga matua e whakamahia ana e te pūmana iti hei whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ki te ao o waho. Ka taea te whirihora i ēnei pine hei tāuru, hei putanga rānei. Ka whakamahia te `pinMode()` hei whakatakoto i te aratau pine, ka whakamahia te `digitalWrite()` hei tuhi i tētahi uara arorau ki te pine, ā, ka whakamahia te `digitalRead()` hei pānui i tētahi uara arorau mai i te pine.
Poka
He tikanga nui ngā aukati e āhei ai ngā pūmana iti ki te urupare tere ki ngā kaupapa o waho. Hei tauira, he pātene e pēhia ana, he pūoko rānei e kitea ana he huringa. I roto i te Arduino, ka whakamahia te `attachInterrupt()` hei whakahaere i ngā aukati.
Timer
He wāhanga ā-roto te taima o tētahi pūmana iti e taea ai te whakamahi hei ine i te wā, hei whakaputa tohu rānei i tētahi auau motuhake. Ka taea te whakarite i ngā taima hei whakaputa i ngā aukati i ngā wā motuhake.
Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Raupapa
He tikanga noa te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero raupapa mō te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i waenga i ngā pūmana iti me ētahi atu taputapu pēnei i ngā rorohiko. He whare pukapuka raupapa tā Arduino e whakamahia ana hei tuku me te whiwhi raraunga raupapa (`Serial.begin()`, `Serial.print()`, `Serial.read()`).
Ngā Pūoko me ngā Kaiwhakaoho
He taputapu te pūoko e huri ana i ngā taurangi ā-tinana pērā i te mārama, te pāmahana, te pēhanga rānei hei tohu hiko ka taea te pānui e te pūmana iti. I tētahi atu ringa, ka huri te kaiwhakaoho i ngā tohu hiko hei nekehanga ā-tinana. Ko te hono me te whakahaere i ngā pūoko me ngā kaiwhakaoho te kaupapa matua o te maha o ngā kaupapa pūmana iti.
Ngā Kaupapa Matatau
Kia mōhio koe ki ngā kaupapa matua o te hōtaka rorohiko iti-pūmana, ka taea e koe te whakamātau i ngā kaupapa uaua ake pēnei i:
– Kaiwhakahaere Pāmahana: E whakamahi ana i tētahi pūoko pāmahana pēnei i te DHT11, ā, e whakaatu ana i ngā hua ki te LCD.
– Waka karetao: Te whakahaere i tētahi motuka DC mā te whakamahi i tētahi taraiwa motuka me te waeine Nihokikorangi hei hanga i tētahi waka karetao e whakahaerehia ana mā te waea atamai.
– Ipurangi o ngā Mea (IoT): Te whakamahi i ngā kōwae WiFi pēnei i te ESP8266, i te ESP32 rānei hei hanga i ngā taputapu IoT ka taea te uru atu mā te ipurangi.
Te Mātauranga Pānui Tāpiri
Hei whakahōhonu ake i tō mōhiotanga me ō pūkenga ki te hōtaka rorohiko iti-pūmana, anei ētahi rauemi tino whai hua:
– Ngā Pukapuka: He rauemi pai ngā pukapuka pēnei i te “Programming Arduino: Getting Started with Sketches” nā Simon Monk me te “The AVR Microcontroller and Embedded Systems” nā Muhammad Ali Mazidi.
– Ngā Akoranga Ipurangi: He maha ngā kaupapa me ngā akoranga kore utu e tukuna ana e ngā paetukutuku pēnei i a Arduino.cc, Instructables, me Hackster.io.
– Ngā Huinga Kōrero me ngā Hapori: He wāhi pai ngā huihuinga pēnei i a Stack Overflow, Reddit r/arduino, me te hapori kei te paetukutuku mana o te pūmana iti hei pātai me te tiki āwhina.
Whakamutunga
He pūkenga tino whai hua, he pūkenga whakamere hoki te hōtaka i ngā pūmana iti. Ahakoa he uaua pea i te tīmatanga, mā te manawanui me te mahi, ka taea e koe te waihanga i ō ake kaupapa. Tīmata ki ngā taputapu me ngā taputapu tika, pērā i a Arduino mō te hunga tīmata, ka neke atu ki ngā pūmana iti uaua ake i te whanaketanga o ō pūkenga. Kī tonu te ao o ngā pūmana iti i ngā whai wāhitanga auaha me te auaha e tatari ana kia tūhuratia.
