He aha te Ariā Hoahoa Wetehanga?
He maha ngā wā e whakaarohia ana te hoahoanga he whakaaturanga ā-tinana o ngā whakaaro, ahurea, me te hangarau o tētahi wā. Ka kawea mai e ia wā he huarahi hou ki te hoahoa me te hanga, e whakaata ana i ngā huringa o ngā tirohanga a te hapori mō te wāhi, te mahi, me te ataahua. I te mutunga o te rautau 20, i kite te ao hoahoanga i te putanga mai o tētahi o ngā ariā tino tautohenga me te auaha i roto i te hītori hoahoa: ko te wetewete.
He Kupu Whakataki ki te Ariā Wetehanga
I puta tuatahi mai te wetewete i roto i te rapunga whakaaro me te tuhituhi, inā koa nā roto i ngā mahi a te tohunga whakaaro Wīwī a Jacques Derrida i ngā tau 1960. Ko te ariā e whai ana ki te wero me te wetewete i ngā tikanga whakaaro tuku iho, me te whakakore i ngā hanganga me ngā whakapae kua whakaaetia whānuitia. I te awhi i ngā ariā a Derrida, ka tīmata ētahi kaihoahoa ki te whakamahi i ngā mātāpono wetewete ki te kaupapa hoahoanga, me ngā hua whakamiharo engari he maha ngā wā ka tautohetia.
Ngā Mātāpono Taketake o te Wetehanga i roto i te Hoahoa Whare
I tōna pūtake, ka aro nui te hoahoanga wetewete ki te wetewete me te tātari arohaehae i ngā huānga hoahoanga kua whakatūria. Ka pātaihia ngā whakaaro tuku iho mō te āhua, te hanganga, me te ataahua, ka hua ake he hoahoa auaha me ngā hoahoa rerekē. Ko ētahi o ngā mātāpono matua o te hoahoanga wetewete ko:
1. Te Wehewehenga: Engari ko te hanga i ngā hanganga honohono taurite, he maha ngā wā ka wehewehea e ngā kaihoahoa wetewete hanganga ngā hoahoa kia āhua motumotu, kia momotu rānei. Ka hangaia he āhua hihiri, he āhua kore pumau hoki.
2. Kore-rārangi: He rerekē ki ngā hanganga ā-ira me te āhua ōrite e kitea ana i roto i ngā hoahoanga tuku iho, he maha ngā wā ka whakaatuhia e te wetewete he āhua kore-rārangi me te āhua kore-rārangi.
3. Te Hiahia ki te Wāwāhi i te Tikanga: Ka karohia e ngā kaiwhakatikatika i ngā huarahi tuku iho ki te ōwehenga, te whakaritenga ā-wāhi, me te whanaungatanga i waenga i te āhua me te mahi. He maha ngā wā ka puta he hoahoa ohorere, he mīharo hoki.
4. Te Huinga Kōrerokore o ngā Huānga: He maha ngā wā ka puta te āhua kore e hototahi ngā huānga hoahoanga wetewete tetahi ki tetahi, ka puta he taupatupatu tirohanga me te hinengaro e wero ana i ngā tirohanga tuku iho mō te rangimarie me te ataahua.
Ngā Tino Hira me ngā Mahi i roto i te Hoahoa Whakakorehanga
Ehara te hoahoanga wete-hanga i te ariā e whakaaetia whānuitia ana, engari he maha ngā kaihoahoa rongonui kua tango, kua whakawhanake hoki i tēnei huarahi mā roto i ā rātou mahi matakite. Anei ētahi tino tangata me ngā tauira o ngā mahi e whakaata ana i ngā mātāpono o te wete-hanga.
1. Peter Eisenman: He kaihoahoa rongonui a Peter Eisenman mō tana whakamahinga o te ariā wetewete ki te hoahoanga. He maha ngā wā ka whakaatuhia e ana mahi he āhua pakarukaru, kāore i te tumanakohia. Ko tētahi o ana kaupapa rongonui ko te Whare VI (1972) i Cornwall, Connecticut. He tauira mārama tēnei whare o te whakamahinga o te pakarukaru i roto i te hoahoa hoahoanga.
2. Frank Gehry: He kaihoahoa rongonui a Frank Gehry, he tohunga ki te wetewete i ngā hanganga, ā, kua waihangahia e ia ētahi whare rongonui kua huri i te āhua o te hoahoanga. Ko tētahi o āna mahi rongonui ko te Whare Taonga o Guggenheim i Bilbao, Pāniora (1997). He āhua hihiri, he āhua rauropi hoki te whare, e whakakotahi ana i ngā rauemi rerekē pērā i te titanium, te kōhatu, me te karāhe hei hanga i tētahi hanganga e āhua pakaru ana, e neke ana hoki.
3. Zaha Hadid: He kaihoahoa wahine paionia a Zaha Hadid i mōhiotia mō tana huarahi wetewete hanganga. He maha ngā wā ka tūhuratia e āna mahi ngā āhua ā-ira matatini me te rere o te wāhi. Ko tētahi tauira o tētahi mahi e whakaata ana i ngā mātāpono wetewete hanganga ko te Teihana Ahi o Vitra i Weil am Rhein, Tiamana (1994), e whakaatu ana i ngā rārangi koi me ngā koki rerekē.
4. Rem Koolhaas: Hei kaiwhakaū o OMA (Tari mō te Hoahoa Whenua), kua awe a Rem Koolhaas i te ao hoahoanga me āna whakaaro wetewete hanganga. Ko tētahi o ngā kaupapa rongonui e whakaata ana i ōna whakaaro ko te Tari Matua o te CCTV i Beijing, Haina (2012). Ko te hanganga rerekē, me ngā pourewa e rua e honoa ana e te piriti whakapae, e wero ana i te ariā tuku iho o te whare teitei.
Ngā Pānga me te Arotakenga o te Wetehanga
Pērā i ngā kaupapa hoahoanga hou katoa, kua roa te wā e tautohetohetia ana, e whakahēngia ana hoki te wetewete. Ahakoa e whakanuia ana e ētahi tōna auahatanga, ko ētahi e whakahē ana i te huarahi he tino whakamātautau rawa, he koretake hoki.
1. Te Māia ki te Whakamātautau: E maioha ana ngā kaitautoko o te wetewete i tōna māia ki te whakahou i ngā whakaaro tuku iho mō te hoahoanga. E kite ana rātou he huarahi tēnei ki te pana i ngā rohe o te auahatanga me te whakaatu i ngā otinga hoahoa hou, auaha hoki.
2. Te Mahi Whakahē: Ko tētahi whakahē nui mō te hoahoanga wetewete, i te nuinga o te wā, ka nui ake te hiranga o te ataahua i te mahi. Ko ngā whare i hangaia i runga i ngā mātāpono wetewete ka kiia he koretake, he koretake rānei mō te whakamahi i ia rā.
3. Te Whakaaro o te Manapori: E kite ana hoki ētahi kairīti i te wetewete hei huarahi ariā me te ara whakarāpopoto rawa, he huarahi e taea anake e ngā tohunga mātauranga, e ngā tohunga hoahoa whare te mārama. Mā tēnei ka puta te whakaaro he tawhiti rawa te wetewete i ngā āhuatanga tūturu me ngā hiahia o te wāhi tūmatanui.
4. Ngā Utu Hanga: Ko ngā whare he hoahoa wete-hanga e hiahia ana ki ngā tikanga hanga uaua ake, me ngā rauemi utu nui ake. He arai nui tēnei ki te whakamahi i ēnei mātāpono ki ngā kaupapa nui, ki ngā tahua iti rānei.
Hoahoa Whakakorehanga i te Ao o Muri Mai
I te tīmatanga o te rautau 21, he wāhanga nui tonu te hoahoanga wete-hanga o ngā kōrero hoahoanga, ahakoa kua memeha haere tōna awe. Heoi anō, kei te whakaoho tonu ngā mātāpono o te wete-hanga i tētahi whakatupuranga hou o ngā kaihoahoa e whai ana ki te pakaru i ngā rohe tuku iho, me te tūhura i tētahi reo hoahoa hihiri ake, maha ake hoki.
I tēnei horopaki hou, e piki haere ana te rongonui o ngā take mō te pumau me te hoahoa atamai, ka kitea pea e ngā kaihoahoa e pāngia ana e te wetewete i ngā huarahi hei whakauru i ēnei mātāpono nui ki ngā huarahi pumau me ngā hangarau matatau. Tērā pea ka rapu tonu rātou ki te tūhura i ngā ariā auaha, engari me te aro nui ki te whai huatanga o te pūngao , ngā rauemi e pai ana ki te taiao, me te whakamahinga o te hangarau matihiko hei whakarei ake i te tukanga hoahoa me te hanga.
Hei whakamutunga, ka taea te titiro ki te hoahoanga wetewete hei whakaata i tētahi ao matatini me te pakarukaru haere, he maha ngā huarahi hei tūhura i ngā whakaaro hou me ngā mea ka taea. Pērā i ngā nekehanga nui katoa o te hītori hoahoanga, e whakamahara mai ana te wetewete i a tātou he nui atu i te hanganga whare noa iho te hoahoanga; he whakaaturanga mutunga kore o te ahurea tangata, te whakaaro, me te auaha.
