Ngā Whare Tuku Iho o Initonīhia i roto i ngā Akoranga Hanga Whare
E mōhiotia ana a Indonesia he whenua moutere me te kanorau o ngā iwi, ngā reo, me ngā tikanga tuku iho. E kitea mārama ana tēnei taonga ahurea i roto i ngā hoahoanga ā-iwi, inā koa ngā whare tuku iho. I roto i ngā rangahau hoahoanga, ehara ngā whare tuku iho o Indonesia i te "whare tuku iho" noa iho, engari he tuhinga ahurea e whakaatu ana i te māramatanga o te hapori ki te wāhi, te āhuarangi, te hanganga pāpori, te hangarau, tae atu ki ngā whanaungatanga tangata ki te taiao me te tapu. E tirohia ana e tēnei tuhinga ngā whare tuku iho o Indonesia mai i te tirohanga hoahoanga: ngā ariā ā-wāhi, ngā pūnaha hanga, ngā urupare āhuarangi, ngā tohu, me ō rātou hononga ki ngā hoahoanga o nāianei.
Ngā whare tuku iho hei hoahoanga ā-iwi
I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea te mārama ki ngā whare tuku iho he hoahoanga whenua—he hoahoanga i whānau mai i te mōhiotanga o te rohe, i hangaia ki ngā rauemi o te rohe, ā, i whakawhanakehia mā te wheako roa ki te aro atu ki ngā āhuatanga taiao motuhake. He rerekē ki te hoahoanga "kāhua" e whai ana i ngā au o te ao, ko te hoahoanga whenua te mea nui ki te hototahi ki te āhuarangi, te wātea o ngā rauemi, me ngā pūnaha oranga hapori. E whakaatu ana ngā whare tuku iho i ngā moutere o Initonīhia he ariā hoahoa matatau ā ngā hapori tuku iho: ngā whakaritenga hauhautanga taiao , ngā rautaki hei karo i te makuku me te waipuke, ngā pūnaha hanganga e ātete ana ki ngā rū whenua, me ngā whakaaturanga ataahua e hono ana ki ngā tikanga tuku iho.
Ngā momo āhua me ngā awe o te taiao
He nui te awe o te whenua ki te āhua o ngā whare tuku iho o Initonīhia. I ngā wāhi reporepo, i ngā wāhi waipuke rānei, he maha ngā whare e hangaia ana i runga i ngā poupou, pērā i ngā whare Banjar i te Tonga o Kalimantan, i ngā whare takutai moana rānei o Sumatra me Sulawesi. Mā te papa teitei ka ārai i te wai me ngā kararehe, ka pai ake te rere o te hau i raro i te whare, ka noho mātao te wāhi.
I ngā wāhi maunga, i ngā wāhi rānei he nui te ua, he pari ngā tuanui, ā, he piko ki raro hei tere ake i te rere o te wai, hei tiaki hoki i ngā pakitara mai i ngā tauhiuhi ua. Ka kitea ngā tauira tino kino i roto i te hoahoanga Minangkabau (te Whare Gadang) me tōna tuanui āhua gonjong, i te Torajan Tongkonan rānei me tōna tuanui piko nui e whakarato ana i te tiakitanga me te tuakiri tirohanga kaha.
I taua wā anō, i ngā rohe maroke, wera hoki, ko ngā rautaki hoahoa he mea nui ki te marumaru me te hauhautanga whakawhiti. He maha ngā whare tuku iho i Nusa Tenggara e whakamahi ana i ngā whakatuwheratanga motuhake, i ngā tuanui whānui, me ngā hanganga wāhi e whai whakaaro ana ki te ahunga o te hau me te kaha o te rā.
Te whakaritenga o te wāhi: tūmatanui, tūmataiti, me te tapu
I roto i ngā rangahau hoahoanga, ka kitea hoki ngā whare tuku iho hei whakaaturanga o ngā momo noho. He maha ngā whare tuku iho he wehewehenga ā-wāhi motuhake, ehara i te mea ko te mahi anake engari ko te taumata hapori me ngā uara tapu anō hoki.
Hei tauira, ko te whare Joglo o Hawai'i, e māramahia ana mā roto i ōna paparanga ā-wāhi: te pendapa (te wāhi tūmatanui mō te manaaki manuhiri me ngā mahi ā-hapori), te pringgitan (te wāhi whakawhiti), me te dalem (te wāhi whānau tūmataiti). E whakaata ana tēnei whakaritenga i ngā ariā o te tikanga pāpori, te tikanga manaaki manuhiri, me te nekehanga āta haere mai i te tūmatanui ki te tūmataiti.
I roto i te Minangkabau Rumah Gadang, e hono ana te whakaritenga ā-wāhi ki te pūnaha whanaungatanga ā-whānau. Ko ngā rarangi rūma moe he mea hanga mō ngā wāhine i roto i te whānau kotahi, ko te wāhi noho tahi hei pokapū mō te whakaaroaro me ngā mahi tuku iho. Nō reira, ehara te hanganga ā-wāhi i te whakatakotoranga noa iho, engari he whakaaturanga o te pūnaha pāpori.
I roto i ngā rohe rerekē, kei reira anō ngā āhuatanga tapu: te aronga o ngā whare ki ngā maunga, ki te rā, ki ngā pūwāhi motuhake rānei; te aroaro o ngā wāhi motuhake mō ngā kawa; me ngā ture tuku iho e whakatau ana ko wai ka tomo mai, me te wā e whakamahia ai te wāhi. Ko ngā whare tuku iho he ara e hono ana i te hoahoanga ki te ao tūroa.
Hanganga me te hangarau: te mātauranga hanga ā-rohe
Ko tētahi o ngā āhuatanga tino whakamīharo o ngā whare tuku iho o Initonīhia ko te hangarau hanga . He maha ngā whare tuku iho e whakamahi ana i te pūnaha hononga kore whao, e whakamahi ana i ngā pou me ngā here, e āhei ai te ngāwari me te ngāwari o te whakatika. He mea nui tēnei ngāwari i ngā wāhi e pāngia ana e te rū whenua.
Hei tauira, ko ētahi whare tuku iho i Sumatra me Sulawesi—me ō rātou hanganga rakau me ngā hononga urutau—ka pai ake te aro atu ki ngā ru i te hanganga pakari. Hei tāpiri, ko te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi ā-rohe pēnei i te rakau, te pūangi, te muka nikau, te nikau hāko, te wiwi rānei e whakaatu ana i te pai o te whakamahi rauemi. He māmā noa iho ēnei rauemi, he pai ngā āhuatanga whakamahana, ā, he ngāwari te wātea.
Heoi, he mea nui kia mōhio ko te "tūturu" ehara i te mea he māmā noa iho. Ko te pūnaha anga, te tohatoha o te kawenga mai i te tuanui ki ngā pou, me te whakarerekētanga o te wāhi e whakaatu pinepine ana i te tino tika. I roto i te whare Joglo, hei tauira, ko te soko guru (pou matua e whā) me te tumpang sari (pou e toru ngā taumata) ehara i te mea he āhuatanga ataahua anake, engari ko te uho hoki o te hanganga, e tautoko ana i te tuanui me te whakarato i te tikanga tohu.
Te urupare ki te āhuarangi: te hauhautanga, te rama me te whakamarie kore mahi
Ko ngā whare tuku iho o Initonīhia e whakamahi ana i ngā mātāpono hoahoa kore mahi - e whakawhirinaki ana ki te āhua me te whirihoranga o ngā wāhi hei waihanga i te whakamarie me te kore mīhini. I ngā āhuarangi pārūrū makuku, ko ngā wero matua ko te wera, te haumākū, me te hiahia mō te hau.
Ka āwhina ngā whare poutū ki te whakaiti i te makuku o te oneone, me te whakapai ake i te hauhautanga. Mā ngā whakatuwheratanga nui, ngā āputa i roto i ngā pakitara whatu, me te whakamahinga o ngā whatu ka taea te rere o te hau. Ka tiakina ngā tuanui whānui mai i te ua, me te whakaiti hoki i te hihi tika o te rā. Ka hangaia e ngā tuanui teitei he āhua puranga, ka hangaia he wāhi mō te hau mahana i runga ake, ka noho mātao tonu ngā wāhi mahi i raro.
Ka whakaarohia hoki te māramatanga taiao . Engari ko te whakamahi i ngā matapihi karāhe nui pērā i ngā whare hou, ka whakamahia e ētahi whare tuku iho ngā whakatuwheratanga rautaki hei tuku i te māramatanga kia uru mai me te kore e whakanui rawa i te pāmahana o te rūma. He mea nui anō tēnei mātāpono ināianei i te mea e whai ana ngā whare ki te whakaiti i te whakapaunga pūngao.
Whakapaipai me te tohu: he āhua ataahua whai tikanga
I roto i ngā rangahau hoahoanga, he hononga tata te whakapaipai o ngā whare tuku iho ki te tikanga. Ko ngā whakairo i runga i te Rumah Gadang, ngā tohu i runga i te Tongkonan, me ngā tohu whakapaipai i runga i ngā whare i Kalimantan e whakaatu ana i te tuakiri iwi, te mana pāpori, ngā uara matatika, tae atu ki ngā kōrero pūrākau.
He "reo tirohanga" anō hoki ngā whakapaipai e whakanui ana i te hononga o te kāinga ki te hapori. I ētahi ahurea, ko ngā whakapaipai whai rawa e whakaata ana i te mana o te whānau, i te whakatutukitanga pāpori rānei. Heoi, ko te ataahua o ngā whare tuku iho kāore e tohu i te nui o ngā whakapaipai; ko ētahi tikanga tuku iho e whakanui ana i te māmā o te āhua engari he kaha ngā ōwehenga me te raupapa.
Te panonitanga, ngā wero tiaki taiao, me te urutaunga hou
He nui ngā huringa ka puta mai i te ao hou: kua whakakapia te muka nikau, te rakau rānei e ngā rauemi hanga pērā i te konutea me te raima; kua rerekē ngā momo noho; kua piki ake te hiahia mō te tūmataitinga; ā, e hiahiatia ana he paerewa motuhake e ngā ture hanga. He maha ngā whare tuku iho e ngaro ana tō rātou āhua taketake, ehara i te mea nā te iwi e whakahē ana i te tikanga tuku iho, engari nā ngā whakaaro ki te utu, te wātea o ngā rauemi, me te whai huatanga.
Nō reira, kāore e ranea te tiaki i ngā whare tuku iho hei "whakatio" noa i te āhua tawhito. I roto i ngā rangahau hoahoanga, ko te tiaki whai tikanga ko te tiaki i ōna mātauranga me ngā mātāpono: te arorau āhuarangi, ngā pūnaha hanganga, te whakamahere ā-wāhi pāpori , me te uara tohu—me te whakaae kia urutau ki ngā hiahia o nāianei. Hei tauira, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā rauemi hou me te kore e ngaro te āhua o te whare , mena ka whakautehia ngā ōwehenga, te hauhautanga, me te whakaritenga ā-wāhi.
I tētahi atu taha, ka taea e ngā hoahoanga o Īniōnia o ēnei rā te ako mai i ngā whare tuku iho ki te hoahoa i ngā whare pumau ake. Ko te ariā o ngā tuanui teitei, te hau-whakawhiti, ngā tuanui whānui, me te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi o te rohe he rautaki e hangai ana ki te kaupapa hoahoanga matomato. He maha ngā kaihoahoa e ngana ana ki te whakamārama anō i ngā whare tuku iho—ehara i te mea mā te tārua i a rātou i te tikanga tūturu, engari mā te urutau i ō rātou mātāpono ki ngā hoahoa hou, e tika ana.
Te Katinga
I roto i ngā rangahau hoahoanga, e whakaata ana ngā whare tuku iho o Initonīhia i te mātauranga ā-rohe, e whakauru ana i te mahi, te āhuarangi, te hanganga, te horopaki pāpori, me te tikanga ahurea. E whakaatu ana ēnei ehara i te mea ko te hoahoanga anake te kaupapa, engari ko te āhua o te noho, te taunekeneke, me te whakamārama i te wāhi e te tangata. I waenganui i ngā wero o te noho tāone me te raruraru āhuarangi, he akoranga nui ngā whare tuku iho: he hoahoa e aro ana ki te horopaki, e whai hua ana ki te pūngao e ahu mai ana i te mātauranga hapori. Ko te mārama ki ngā whare tuku iho ko te tiaki i te tuakiri me te whakatuwhera i ngā whai wāhitanga mō te auahatanga hoahoanga atawhai me te pumau.
