Te Ariā o te Whakawhanaungatanga Reo
He maha ngā wā ka kitea te reo hei taputapu noa iho mō te kawe karere: he whakaaro kei a tātou, kātahi ka "whakatakotoria" ki roto i ngā kupu. Heoi, kei te tīmata te wiri o tēnei tirohanga i te mea ka pātaihia e ngā tohunga reo, ngā tohunga tātai tangata, me ngā tohunga hinengaro tētahi pātai tino whānui ake: me pēhea mēnā ehara te reo i te ipu mō ngā whakaaro anake, engari ka āwhina anō hoki ki te hanga i te āhua o tā tātou whakaaro? E mōhiotia ana tēnei whakaaro ko te ariā o te whanaungatanga reo—he ariā e kī ana ko te hanganga o te reo e whakamahia ana e tātou ka taea te awe i te āhua o tā tātou tirohanga ki te ao, te maumahara, te whakarōpū i ngā wheako, me te whakamārama i te ao pāpori.
He aha te Ariā o te Whakawhanaungatanga Reo?
E rua ngā ingoa e honoa ana ki te ariā o te whanaungatanga reo: arā, ki a Edward Sapir rāua ko tana tauira, ki a Benjamin Lee Whorf. Nō reira, e mōhiotia ana hoki tēnei ariā ko te Whakaaro Sapir-Whorf. I tōna āhua whānui, e kī ana te whanaungatanga reo ko ngā rerekētanga o te reo e whakaata ana i ngā rerekētanga o ngā huarahi whakaaro. E rua ngā putanga e kōrerohia whānuitia ana:
1. Te whakatau ā-reo (putanga kaha): ko te reo te mea e whakatau ana i te whakaaro. Ko te tikanga, ki te kore e wātea he ariā i roto i te reo, ka uaua ki ngā kaikōrero, ka kore rānei e taea e rātou te whakaaroaro mō taua ariā.
2. Te whanaungatanga reo (putanga ngoikore): he awe te reo i te whakaaro. Kāore te reo e raka i te hinengaro, engari e whakarato ana i ētahi au i roto i te aro, te maumahara, me te whakarōpū i ngā wheako.
I roto i ngā rangahau o ēnei rā, kāore i te tino whakaaetia te putanga kaha i te tirohanga tuatahi, engari ko te putanga ngoikore e tautokona ana e ngā taunakitanga ā-wheako. Arā, ehara te reo i te "whare herehere" mō te hinengaro, engari he "mōhiti" e whakaako ana i a tātou ki te tiro i te ao i tētahi ara.
He aha te Reo e Kawe ai i te Awe ki te Ahua o Tātou Whakaaro?
He pūnaha kāwai te reo. Ina kōrero tātou, me whiriwhiri tātou i ngā kupu motuhake, te wetereo, me ngā hanganga rerenga kōrero. Kāore ēnei kōwhiringa i te noho kūpapa, nā te mea ka akiaki i a tātou ki te tapa i te ao. Hei tauira, ko ētahi reo e hiahia ana kia tohua e ngā kaikōrero te ira tangata i roto i ngā kupu whakakapi ("he tāne ia" me te "he wahine ia"), ko ētahi ia kāore. Ko ētahi reo e tohu ana i ngā ahunga (raki–tonga–māwhiti–uru) i roto i te kōrero o ia rā, ko ētahi ia e whakamahi pinepine ana i te "maui–matau". Ka taea e ēnei tikanga te whakangungu i te roro kia aro nui ake ki ētahi āhuatanga o te wheako.
E pā ana hoki te whanaungatanga o te reo ki te ariā o ngā tikanga whakaaro. Kāore tātou e tātari i te ao mai i te tīmatanga. Engari, ka whakamahia e tātou ō tātou ara hinengaro kua whakangungua: ko ngā mea e whakahuatia ana e tātou, ko ngā mea e wehewehea ana e tātou, me ngā mea kāore e hiahiatia ana kia whakamāramahia.
Ngā Tauira o te Whakawhanaungatanga Reo i te Oranga o Ia Rā
1. Tae: Te Tirohanga i te Whānuitanga me ngā Rohe Rerekē
Ko tētahi wāhanga e whakamahia ana hei tauira ko te whakaingoa tae. I te taha koiora, he rite tonu ngā taputapu tirohanga a te tangata, engari he rerekē ngā rohe kāwai e tohaina ana e ngā reo. Ka wehewehea e ētahi reo te kikorangi mārama me te kikorangi pouri hei kāwai taketake motuhake, ko ētahi ia ka whakarōpūhia i raro i te kupu whānui "kikorangi." Ina rerekē ngā kāwai reo, he maha ngā rangahau kua whakaatu i ngā rerekētanga o te tere me te tika o te wehewehe tae i ngā rohe kāwai e pā ana ki taua reo.
Heoi, he mea nui kia mōhiotia ka taea tonu e te tangata te kite i ngā rerekētanga tae ahakoa kāore tā rātou reo e wehewehe i te kupu. Ko te pānga he rite tonu ki te hiahia, ehara i te koretake rawa.
2. Te Aronga Ā-Wāhi: Ngā Aronga Mauī–Matau vs. Ngā Aronga Matua
I ētahi hapori reo, he maha ngā wā ka whakaatuhia te aronga ā-wāhi mā roto i ngā ahunga matua, kaua ki te taha maui me te taha matau. Hei tauira, ka kī pea tetahi "neke atu ki te rawhiti" kaua ki te "neke atu ki te matau." Ka taea e tēnei tikanga te whakangungu i ngā kaikōrero ki te aroturuki tonu i te aronga whenua—tae noa ki roto i te whare—nā te mea e hiahiatia ana e te reo. Ehara i te mea ko te reo anake te pānga, engari ko te hinengaro hoki: ka taea te whakakoi i ngā pūkenga whakatere me te mōhiotanga ahunga.
3. Wā: Raina Tika, Huringa, Kupu Whakatakoto Wāhi rānei
He pānga anō hoki te reo ki te mahere i ngā ariā whānui pēnei i te wā. He maha ngā reo e whakamahi ana i ngā kupu whakarite ā-wāhi: "kei mua te heke mai," "kei muri te mua." Heoi anō, he rerekē te tūnga o te "wā", hei tauira, whakapae, poutū rānei. Ko te āhua o te hanganga o ngā kīanga wā o te reo ka pā ki te whakaaro o ōna kaikōrero ki te raupapa o ngā kaupapa, ki te whakarite rānei i te wā i roto i te mahara.
4. Ngākau Whakaute me ngā Hononga Hapori
I ngā reo pērā i te reo Hapanihi, Kōrea, me te reo Hāwani, he hononga tata ngā taumata kōrero me te whiriwhiri kupu ki te tūnga pāpori, te pakeke, me te tata. He maha ngā wā ka "whakahaua" ngā kaikōrero ki te whakaaro ki ngā whanaungatanga pāpori i te wā e kōrero ana: ko wai rātou e kōrero ana ki a rātou, te nui o te whakaute me whakaatu e rātou, me te momo whakaahua whaiaro e hangaia ana e rātou. E whakaatu ana tēnei ehara i te mea ko te reo anake e tuku kōrero ana engari e whakahaere ana hoki i ngā whanonga pāpori me te āhua o tā tātou whakanoho i a tātou anō i roto i ngā whatunga whanaungatanga.
Te Arotake me te Whakawhanaketanga o te Ariā
Kāore he tautohenga mō te whanaungatanga reo. Ko te whakahē tino noa mō te whakatau tikanga reo ko te kaha o te tangata ki te ako i ngā ariā hou i waho o tō rātou reo taketake, ki te whakamāori, me te auaha i roto i te reo. Hei tāpiri, he maha ngā āhuatanga o te hinengaro e pā ana ki te ao whānui: e mārama ana ngā tāngata katoa ki te take me te pānga, kei a rātou ngā kare ā-roto taketake, ā, ka taea te wehewehe i waenga i ngā mea. E kī ana tēnei ehara i te reo anake te pūtake o te hanganga o te hinengaro.
I tētahi atu taha, ko ngā rangahau maha-mātauranga—ina koa ko te hinengaro hinengaro me te neurolinguistics—e tautoko ana i te putanga ngoikore: ka taea e te reo te awe i te aro me te mahara. Ko te tikanga ka kitea tēnei awe i roto i ngā mahi tere (hei tauira, te mōhio ki te tae, te aronga ā-wāhi, te whakarōpūtanga taonga) i roto rānei i ngā whanonga pāpori i hangaia mā te whakamahinga reo mō te wā roa.
Nō reira, kāore te tautohetohe o ēnei rā e aro noa ki te pātai tino nui, arā, "nā te reo te whakaaro e whakatau?", engari he pātai whai kiko ake: i raro i ngā āhuatanga hea, i roto i ēhea āhuatanga, ā, ki tehea whānuitanga te awe o te reo i ngā tukanga hinengaro?
Te Whakawhanaungatanga Reo i te Ao Mamati
I tēnei ao pāpāho pāpori, kua huri te whanaungatanga o te reo ki tētahi taha hou. Ko ngā kōwhiringa kupu, ngā tohu pae, me ngā kupu rongonui ka whakatau i te āhua o te whakatakoto kaupapa a te tangata. Hei tauira, ka rerekē te ahua o tētahi take i runga i te mea he "raruraru," he "wero," he "aituā," he "āituā kino rānei." Ka hangaia hoki e te reo ngā kāwai tuakiri: ka taea e ētahi kupu te whakapakari i te kotahitanga rōpū, te whakaoho rānei i te whakama. Nā te tere o te horapa o ngā kupu, ka puta pea ngā panonitanga o te tirohanga a te marea i roto i ngā rā torutoru, ehara i te tau.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, ko te whakamahinga o te whakaranu waehere me te mana o ngā kupu ke i roto i te hangarau ka taea te whakarerekē i te whakaaro o te tangata ki te mahi, ki te hua, tae atu ki ngā whanaungatanga whaiaro. Hei tauira, ko ngā kupu pēnei i te rā kati, te whakaaro nui rawa, te ngenge rānei, ehara i te mea he tapanga noa iho; he anga whakamārama motuhake kei roto mō te tangata me ōna wheako.
Ngā Whakatairanga: He aha te Hiranga o tēnei Ariā?
Mā te mārama ki te whanaungatanga o te reo ka mārama ake tātou ehara i te mea ko te "tika" me te "hē" anake te kaupapa o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, engari ko te āhua hoki o tā tātou mahere i te ao tūturu. He maha ngā pānga mahi nui o tēnei:
1. Mātauranga: ka taea e ngā kaiako te kite ko ngā uauatanga o ngā ākonga i ētahi wā ehara i te ariā, engari kei te huarahi e tākaihia ai te ariā ki te reo.
2. Whakamāori: me mārama ngā kaiwhakamāori ehara te whakamāori i te whakakapi kupu anake, engari he whakawhiti tirohanga anō hoki.
3. Kōrero ā-ahurea: he maha ngā wā ka puta ngā māramatanga hē nā te mea ka wehea e te tangata te ao tūturu ki ngā momo reo rerekē.
4. Te māramatanga arohaehae: ka taea e tātou te aro nui ake ki te whakatakoto whakaaro i roto i ngā mahi tōrangapū, pānuitanga, me ngā pāpāho—nā te mea ko te reo te mea e whakatau ana i ngā mea e ahua nui ana.
Te Katinga
E whakamahara mai ana te ariā o te whanaungatanga reo, ehara te reo i te rere kotahi te ara mai i te whakaaro ki te kupu. Ka awe te reo me te whakaaro tetahi i tetahi i roto i tētahi whanaungatanga uaua. Kāore te reo e "whakahaeretia" katoatia ana ngā kaikōrero, engari ka taea e ngā tikanga reo te hanga i ngā tikanga whakaaro: ko ngā mea e arohia ana e tātou, te āhua o tā tātou whakarōpūtanga, me te āhua o tā tātou aromatawai i ngā wheako.
Hei whakamutunga, ko te ako i te whanaungatanga o te reo he ako mō te kanorau o ngā huarahi e noho tangata ai te tangata. He rerekē te mahere o te ao i ia reo—ā, ina ako tātou i tētahi atu reo, ehara i te mea ka whānui ake te papakupu engari ka whānui ake hoki tō tātou tirohanga ki te ao tūturu.
