# Ngā Tikanga Rangahau i roto i te Anthropology
Ko te mātauranga tangata, hei ako whānui i te tangata i roto i ō rātou āhua katoa, mai i te ahurea me te reo ki te koiora me te hītori whanaketanga, e hiahia ana ki ngā momo tikanga rangahau kia tutuki ai he māramatanga whānui. He maha ngā tikanga e whakamahia ana e ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata hei tūhura, hei tirotiro, hei tātari i ngā mōhiohio e tika ana kia mārama ai ki ngā uauatanga o te tangata me ō rātou hapori. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ētahi o ngā tikanga rangahau matua e whakamahia ana i roto i te mātauranga tangata, tae atu ki te mātauranga tangata, ngā uiuinga hōhonu, te mātakitaki whai wāhi, te tātari tuhinga, me ngā tikanga tauanga.
## 1. Te Iwi Māori
Ko te etnography tētahi o ngā tikanga tino motuhake i roto i te mātauranga ahurea me te mātauranga pāpori . I roto i te mātauranga ahurea, ka roa te wā e noho ana ngā kairangahau i roto i te mara, e noho ana i roto i ngā hapori e akohia ana, kia mārama ai rātou mai i roto. Ko te whāinga matua o te mātauranga ahurea ko te whiwhi māramatanga hōhonu ki te oranga o ia rā me te ahurea mai i te tirohanga a ngā mema o te hapori tonu.
### Ngā Hipanga i roto i te Iwi Māori
– Te Whakarite me te Rangahau Tuatahi: Kei roto i tēnei ko te pānui i ngā tuhinga e pā ana, me te whakahaere i ngā rangahau tuatahi kia mārama ai ki te horopaki whānui o te hapori e akohia ana.
– Te Whai Wāhi me te Mātakitaki: Ka whai wāhi ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata ki ngā mahi o ia rā o te hapori, mai i ngā mahi ōkawa ki ngā mahi ōkawa kore.
– Ngā Uiuitanga Hōhonu: Haunga ngā mātakitakitanga, ka taea e ngā uiuitanga hōhonu me ngā mema o te hapori te whakamārama i ngā āhuatanga kua kitea, me te whakarato atu i ētahi atu kōrero.
– Te Tātari Raraunga: I muri i te kohikohi raraunga, ko te mahi e whai ake nei ko te whakarōpū, te tātari, me te whakatau i ngā raraunga hei whakautu i ngā pātai rangahau.
## 2. Uiuitanga Hōhonu
Ko ngā uiui hohonu he tikanga noa e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā rangahau tangata hei tiki raraunga kounga. Ka whakahaerehia ngā uiui kanohi ki te kanohi ki ngā tāngata takitahi, ki ngā rōpū iti rānei, ā, ko te whāinga he tūhura hohonu i tētahi kaupapa. E rua ngā momo uiui hohonu matua: he uiui hanganga me he uiui kore hanganga.
### Ngā Uiuitanga Hanganga me ngā Uiuitanga Kore Hanganga
– Hanganga: Ka whakamahia e tēnei uiui he rārangi pātai kua whakaritea i mua, kia rite ai ngā raraunga kua kohia, engari ka taea te whakawhāiti i te ngāwari o te kairangahau ki te tūhura i ngā kaupapa e ara ake ana i te wā o te uiui.
– Kāore i te hanganga: He ngāwari ake tēnei tikanga, ā, ka taea te whanake noa i te rere o te uiuinga i runga anō i ngā whakautu a ngā kaiwhakautu. He pai tēnei tikanga mō te tūhura i te uauatanga o ngā āhuatanga pāpori me te kore he maha o ngā here.
### Te Tukanga Whakatinanatanga Uiuitanga Hōhonu
1. Whakamahere: Te whiriwhiri i ngā kaupapa me te whakatakoto i ngā whāinga uiui.
2. Whakatinanatanga: Te whakahaere uiuinga, te tuhi i ngā whakautu, me te tuhi hoki i ngā tohu nui kore-waha.
3. Tātari: Whakarōpūtia, ā, whakamāramatia ngā urupare hei tautuhi i ngā kaupapa me ngā tauira.
## 3. Te Whai Wāhi ki te Mātakitaki
Ko te mātakitaki whai wāhi he tikanga e kore ai ngā kairangahau e mātakitaki noa i ngā kaupapa rangahau engari e whai wāhi atu hoki ki ā rātou mahi o ia rā. Mā tēnei tikanga ka kitea he māramatanga hohonu ake nā te mea ka taea e ngā kairangahau te mārama ki te horopaki mai i ngā tirohanga e rua: hei kaimātakitaki me hei kaiuru.
### Ngā Momo Whai Wāhi ki te Mātakitaki
– Te Whai Wāhi Kaha: Ka tino whai wāhi atu ngā kairangahau ki ngā mahi a te hapori.
– Te Whai Wāhitanga Mārire: Ka nui ake te mātakitaki a ngā kairangahau, ā, ka iti ake te whai wāhi atu.
– Te Whai Wāhi Katoa: Ka uru pono ngā kairangahau ki te hapori mō tētahi wā, i ētahi wā kāore e whakaatu i tō rātou tuakiri hei kairangahau.
### Ngā Wero o te Whai Wāhi ki te Mātakitaki
He maha ngā wero o tēnei tikanga, pērā i:
– Kore mōhio: He uaua ki te urutau ki tētahi ahurea tino rerekē.
– Te Whaitake o te Whakaaro: Te tūponotanga o te ngaronga o te whakaaro nā te whai wāhi o ngā kare ā-roto.
– Ngā Tikanga Matatika: Ngā take matatika e puta ake ana i te mātakitaki hōhonu me te whai wāhi atu ki te oranga hapori.
## 4. Tātari Tuhinga
Ko te tātari tuhinga he tikanga e whakamahia ana hei tirotiro i ngā tuhinga hei puna raraunga. Kei roto i ngā tuhinga e tātarihia ana ko ngā pūranga, ngā tuhinga hītori, ngā pūrongo ā-ture, ngā nūpepa, ngā hautaka, tae atu ki ngā taonga tuku iho ahurea.
### Ngā Hipanga i roto i te Tātari Tuhinga
1. Tāutuhia ngā tuhinga e tika ana: Whakatauhia, ka kohia hoki ngā tuhinga e tika ana mō te rangahau.
2. Te Manatoko me te Aromatawai: Te whakarite i te pono o ngā tuhinga me te aromatawai i te pono me te hiranga o ngā mōhiohio kei roto.
3. Tātari Ihirangi: Te tautuhi i ngā kaupapa, ngā tauira, me ngā kōrero nui mai i te tuhinga.
4. Tapatoru: Te whakakotahi i ngā raraunga mai i ngā tuhinga me ngā raraunga mai i ētahi atu puna hei whakanui ake i te mana o ngā kitenga.
## 5. Ngā Tikanga Tauanga
Ahakoa e mōhiotia whānuitia ana te mātauranga matawhenua mō tana huarahi kounga, e whakamahia ana hoki ngā tikanga tauanga, inā koa i roto i te mātauranga matawhenua koiora me te whaipara tangata. Kei roto i ēnei tikanga te kohikohi me te tātari i ngā raraunga tau, pērā i ngā tatauranga taupori, ngā rangahau pātai, me ngā inenga ā-tinana.
### Te Whakamahinga o ngā Tikanga Tauanga
– Ngā Rangahau Pātai: Whakamahia hei kohikohi raraunga mai i ngā tauira nui o te taupori. Ka taea e ēnei rangahau te whakarato raraunga whānui.
– Ngā Whakamātautau: E whakamahia ana i te nuinga o te wā mō te ako i ngā whanonga tangata i raro i ngā āhuatanga whakahaeretia.
– Tātari Tatauranga: Te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tatauranga hei tātari i ngā raraunga tau, hei rapu i ngā hononga, me te whakamātautau i ngā whakapae.
### Ngā Kaha me ngā Ngāwari
– Ngā Painga: Ka whakaratohia e ngā raraunga tauanga he tirohanga whānui ake, ā, ka taea te tātari mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tatauranga.
– Ngā ngoikoretanga: Kāore i te kaha ki te hopu i ngā āhuatanga rerekē me te uaua o ngā āhuatanga pāpori ki te whakatauritea ki ngā raraunga kounga.
## Te Katinga
He tukanga uaua, he maha ngā āhuatanga o te rangahau i roto i te mātauranga tangata, e hiahia ana ki ngā momo tikanga hei mārama hōhonu ki te tangata me ō rātou hapori. Ko te mātauranga tangata, ngā uiuinga hōhonu, te mātakitaki whai wāhi, te tātari tuhinga, me ngā tikanga tauanga he mea nui katoa ki te hanga i tētahi māramatanga whānui mō te tangata. He rerekē ngā kaha me ngā ngoikoretanga o ia tikanga, ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakakotahi ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata i ētahi tikanga hei whakarei ake i ngā raraunga i whiwhihia, hei whakanui ake hoki i te mana o ngā hua rangahau.
He mea nui kia whakaarohia e ngā kairangahau tātai tangata ngā āhuatanga matatika, kia whai hoki kia whakaitihia te whakaaro pākiki i roto i ā rātou mahi. Mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga rangahau tika, me te whakakotahi i ēnei tikanga kia whai hua, ka taea e ngā kairangahau tātai tangata te whai wāhi nui ki te mārama ki te kanorau me te uaua o te ahurea tangata.
