Reo hei Pūnaha Tohu
Ko te reo tētahi o ngā pūkenga tino motuhake o te tangata. Mā te reo, ka taea e te tangata te kawe whakaaro, te hanga whanaungatanga pāpori, te tuku mātauranga, me te whakawhanake ahurea mai i tētahi whakatipuranga ki tētahi whakatipuranga. Heoi, ehara te reo i te kohinga kupu kōrero, kupu tuhituhi rānei. He pūnaha tohu te mahi a te reo: he tikanga tohu e tohu ana i tētahi mea o waho, e tohaina ana e ngā mema o te hapori, ā, e whakahaerehia ana e ētahi ture. Mā te mārama ki te reo hei pūnaha tohu ka āwhina i a tātou ki te mārama he aha te whai huatanga o te reo, he aha ka puta ai he māramatanga, me te aha hoki te reo e huri tonu ana i roto i ngā nekehanga pāpori.
1. Te mārama ki ngā tohu me ō rātou hononga ki te reo
He tohu te mea e tohu ana i tētahi atu mea. I roto i te oranga o ia rā, e mōhio ana tātou ki ngā tohu: ko te tikanga o te rama whero he mutu, ko te ngākau he tohu aroha, ko te haki rānei he tohu tuakiri ā-motu. Ka whai tikanga ngā tohu nā te mea he whakaaetanga pāpori e meinga ai te iwi kia mārama ki a rātou i roto i te huarahi ōrite.
I roto i te reo, ko ngā tohu matua ko ngā kupu (te oro me te tuhituhi). Hei tauira, ko te raupapa oro /a-ir/, ko te tuhituhi rānei "wai" e tohu ana i te ariā o tētahi wai mārama e inumia ana e tātou, e whakamahia ana hoki i ia rā, i ia rā. Ehara te kupu i te wai; he tohu noa iho. Ko tā tēnei kupu e kōrero nei he ariā, he mea rānei i te ao tūturu. Koinei te mauri o te reo hei pūnaha tohu: ko te whanaungatanga i waenga i te āhua o te reo me te tikanga he tohu, ehara i te mea ōrite.
2. Tūpono noa: he aha ngā tohu reo kāore i te "tūturu"
Ko tētahi o ngā āhuatanga nui o ngā tohu i roto i te reo ko tōna āhua tūpono. Ko te tikanga, kāore he hononga tūturu, ā-ture i waenga i te āhua oro me tētahi tikanga motuhake. He aha te wai e inumia ana e tātou e kiia nei ko "hau" i te reo Initonīhia, "wai" i te reo Ingarihi, me "eau" i te reo Wīwī? Kāore he take tūturu e tika ake ai tētahi; i ahu mai katoa ēnei i te whakaaetanga hītori i roto i te hapori o ngā kaikōrero.
E rua ngā hua nui o tēnei āhua tūpono. Tuatahi, ka rerekē te reo. Ka taea e ia hapori te waihanga i āna ake tohu. Tuarua, ka taea te huri i te reo: ki te whakaae tētahi hapori ki te huri i te whakamahinga o tētahi kupu, ka taea e taua tohu te huri i te tikanga, i te āhua rānei. Heoi, ehara i te mea he tūpono katoa ngā āhuatanga reo. Kei reira anō hoki ngā āhuatanga tohu (āhua rite) me ngā āhuatanga onomatopoeic, pērā i te "cuckoo," "meong," "kring" rānei, ahakoa kei te awe tonu ēnei e ngā tikanga o ia reo.
3. Te reo hei pūnaha: he ture, he whanaungatanga hoki kei waenganui i ngā huānga
E kiia ana te reo he pūnaha tohu nā te mea kāore ōna tohu e tū takitahi. He hanganga me he ture kei roto e whakahaere ana i te whakaritenga o ngā tohu hei waihanga tikanga. He maha ngā taumata o ēnei ture.
Ko te tuatahi ko te oro, te pūnaha oro o tētahi reo. Hei tauira, i te reo Initonīhia, ka puta te oro /ng/ i te mutunga o ngā kupu pēnei i te "kambing," engari i ētahi atu reo he rerekē ngā here. Ehara i te mea he oro noa iho ngā oro; he tohu e wehewehe ana i te tikanga. He rerekē te tikanga o "Batu" i "baku" nā te mea kotahi te rerekētanga o te oro.
Ko te tuarua ko te āhua o te kupu, arā, te hanganga o ngā kupu. Ka whakamahia e te reo Initonīhia ngā tāpiringa hei waihanga tikanga hou, pērā i te "tulis" ka huri hei "tuhi," "tuhinga," "penulisan" rānei. Ko ngā tāpiringa he tohu tāpiri e whakarato ana i ngā mōhiohio, hei tauira, mō te kaiwhakaari, te tukanga, te hua rānei.
Tuatoru ko te wetereo, arā, ngā ture mō te whakarite kupu hei rerenga kōrero. He rerekē te "I eat rice" i te "Rice eats me" nā te mea ka pā te raupapa ki te tikanga. Mā te wetereo ka taea e ngā tohu iti (kupu) te hanga i ngā tohu nui ake (rerenga kōrero) me ngā tikanga uaua ake.
Tuawhā ko te tikanga (te tikanga) me te whaikōrero (te tikanga i roto i te horopaki). Ahakoa te tikanga, he mārama pea te rerenga kōrero, engari ahakoa te whaikōrero, he rerekē te tikanga. Ko te rerenga kōrero "He tino wera i konei" he kōrero noa iho pea, he tono ā-kore rānei kia whakatuwheratia te matapihi.
4. Ka puta te tikanga i ngā tikanga pāpori me ngā horopaki ahurea.
Nā te mea he pūnaha tohu kua whakaaetia te reo, he hononga tata te tikanga ki ngā tikanga pāpori. Ko ngā kupu "koe" me "tōu" e pā ana ki te tangata e kōrero ana koe, engari he rerekē ō rāua tikanga pāpori: he ahua ōkawa, he āhua māhaki ake te "koe". I ngā rohe, i ngā hapori rerekē rānei, ka taea e te whiriwhiri kupu te tohu i te tata, te mana, te waiaro rānei.
Hei tāpiri atu, ko te reo te mea e hangaia ana e te ahurea. He maha ngā tohu reo e whakaatu ana i ngā wheako ā-rōpū o te hapori. Hei tauira, ko ngā kupu whanaungatanga i roto i te reo Initonīhia (unclear, auntie, major brother, teina) e whakaatu ana i te hiranga o ngā whanaungatanga whānau. I ētahi atu horopaki, tera pea he nui ngā kupu o te reo e aro ana ki ngā mara motuhake, pērā i ngā kupu ahuwhenua, moana, hangarau rānei, e hāngai ana ki ngā hiahia o ōna kaikōrero.
5. Ngā tohu reo me ngā hapa pea
Nā te mea he mea noa ngā tohu reo, ā, e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā tikanga tuku iho, ka ngāwari te puta o ngā māramatanga hē mēnā he rerekē ngā tikanga tuku iho, he rerekē rānei te horopaki. Tērā pea he maha ngā tikanga o tētahi kupu (polysemy). Ko te kupu "upoko" he tikanga pea mō tētahi wāhanga tinana, mō tētahi kaiārahi ("tumuaki"), mō te taha mua rānei o tētahi mea ("upoko o tētahi reta"). Ki te kore he horopaki, ka kore e mārama te tohu.
Ka puta anō hoki ngā māramatanga hē i ngā rerekētanga o te papamuri pāpori me ngā wheako. Ko te rerenga kōrero e kiia ana he mea noa i roto i tētahi rōpū, ka kiia pea he whanoke, he koretake rānei i roto i tētahi atu. I roto i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero matihiko, ka uaua ake te raruraru nā te kore e kitea te reo me ngā āhua o te kanohi. Nō reira, he maha ngā wā ka tāpirihia e te tangata ngā tohutō, ngā kōwhiringa kupu motuhake, tae noa ki ngā whakapiripiri hei āwhina i te whakapuaki i ngā āhuatanga rerekē. E whakaatu ana tēnei kāore ngā tohu reo e whakaatu noa i ngā mōhiohio engari tae atu ki ngā kare ā-roto, ngā waiaro, me ngā whanaungatanga.
6. Te reo hei pūnaha tohu whai hua, auaha hoki
Ko te painga o te reo hei pūnaha tohu ko tōna āhua whakaputa. Ka taea e te tangata te hanga rerenga kōrero hou kāore anō kia kōrerotia i mua, engari e mārama tonu ana. Ka taea e tātou te kī, "Āpōpō ka pānui ahau i te pukapuka i hokona mai e au i te toa e tata ana ki tōku whare," ā, ka mārama ētahi atu nā te mea he rite tonu tā tātou pūnaha tohu me ngā ture.
Mā tēnei hua ka whānau mai te auahatanga: ngā rotarota, ngā pukapuka pakiwaitara, ngā katakata, ngā pepeha, me ngā kupu whakarite. Ko te kupu whakarite tonu he tohu kei tua atu te reo i te tikanga tūturu. Ko te kīanga "he moni te wā" ehara i te mea he moni tūturu te wā, engari he tohu hei whakaatu he uara te wā, ā, me whakamahi tika.
7. Ngā panonitanga reo: kei te neke tonu ngā tohu
Hei pūnaha pāpori, kei te whanake tonu te reo. Ka taea te huri i ngā tikanga o ngā kupu. Ko te kupu "viral," i honoa ki te koiora i mua, kua whakamahia whānuitia inaianei mō ngā ihirangi e horapa whānuitia ana i runga i te ipurangi. Ka puta ake ngā kupu hou, ka ngaro ngā kupu tawhito, ā, ka rerekē ngā momo reo i runga i te hangarau me ngā au whakawhitiwhiti kōrero.
E whakaatu ana ēnei huringa kei roto ngā tohu reo i te hapori. I te hurihanga o ngā momo noho, ka urutau te reo kia mau tonu ai te kaha ki te whakaatu i ngā ao hou. Ko ngā kupu pēnei i te "tukuake," "kēmu," "selfie," "maia" rānei, he tauira ēnei o ngā mahi a te reo ki te hanga tohu hou hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o te wā.
Te Katinga
Mā te titiro ki te reo hei pūnaha tohu ka taea e tātou te mārama ko te reo he hua o ngā tikanga pāpori uaua. Ehara ngā kupu me ngā rerenga kōrero i te raupapa o ngā oro, o ngā reta rānei, engari he tohu e tohu ana i ngā ariā, i ngā mea, i ngā kare ā-roto, me ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i te tangata. Ka mahi te reo nā te mea he ture āna, nā te mea he mea tohatoha, ā, nā te mea e whakamahia tonutia ana i roto i tētahi horopaki pāpori-ahurea motuhake. I taua wā anō, ko te āhua tohu o te reo ka ngāwari, ka auaha, ka huri tonu. Mā te mārama ki tēnei taha tohu, ka taea e tātou te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero pai ake, te aro nui ake ki te horopaki, me te maioha ake ki te kanorau reo hei whakaata i te kanorau tangata tonu.
