Te Ariā o te Ao Hou i roto i te Ahurea Tangata
Ko te Postmodernism he kura whakaaro kua whai mana nui ki te mātauranga ahurea mai i te mutunga o te rautau 20. Ehara i te mea he "ariā kotahi" noa iho, engari he kohinga arotake me ngā huarahi e wero ana i ngā tikanga tawhito o te mārama ki te ahurea, te mātauranga, me ngā mahi whakaatu. I roto i te mātauranga ahurea, i puta te postmodernism hei urupare ki te mana o ngā tirohanga hou - i whakapono ki te koretake, te ahunga whakamua rārangi, me te kaha o ngā kaipūtaiao ki te whakaatu i te mooni pāpori . Mā te postmodernism, i akiakihia te mātauranga ahurea kia whakaaroaro ake: kia mōhio ki ngā herenga o ngā kairangahau, ngā whanaungatanga mana i roto i te whakaputa mātauranga, me ngā reo kanorau i tahaetia.
Te Papamuri ki te Putanga Mai o te Ao Hou
I whanake te ao pou-hou mai i tētahi horopaki hinengaro whānui i roto i ngā pūtaiao pāpori, te rapunga whakaaro, me ngā rangahau ahurea. Ko ngā kaipūkenga whakaaro pērā i a Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, Jean-François Lyotard, me Jean Baudrillard e hono pinepinetia ana ki te kōrero pou-hou. I whakahē rātou i te ariā o te "pono whānui" me te akiaki i te aro ki te āhua o te hanga o te mātauranga e te reo, te kōrero, ngā umanga, me te mana. I roto i te mātauranga tangata, i kaha ake te arotake pou-hou i ngā tau 1970 me 1980, i te wā i kiia ai te mahi matawhenua tawhito he tino maia ki te kī "ka taea te whakaahua i te hapori" me te mea ka taea te hopu i te ahurea i roto i te huarahi tino katoa me te pumau.
I ngā wā o te koroni me te wā o muri i te koroni, i whakahēngia hoki te mātauranga tangata mō te mea he "pūtaiao o te Mea Kē," i ētahi wā ka honoa ki ngā hiahia o te mana. Ka werohia tēnei tūranga e te mātauranga tangata muri-hou: ko wai kei a ia te tika ki te kōrero mō wai? Me pēhea te hanga a ngā kōrero a ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata i te ahua o ngā rōpū motuhake? Ka nekehia e ēnei pātai te mātauranga tangata mai i te whakapono ki te "whakaahuatanga whāinga" ki te mōhio ko te mātauranga tangata he momo tuhituhi e kī ana i te whiriwhiri, te whakamaoritanga, me ngā mahi tōrangapū o te māngai.
Ngā Kaupapa Matua o ngā Whakaaro o Muri i te Ao Hou i roto i te Anthropology
1. Arotake i ngā metanarātives me te ao whānui
Ko tētahi o ngā tohu o te ao pou-hou ko tōna whakahē i ngā metanarātives—ngā kōrero nui mō te ahunga whakamua, te whakaaro tika, te whanaketanga hapori rānei e kiia ana he tika whānui. I roto i te mātauranga tangata, he maha ngā wā ka puta ngā metanarātives i roto i ngā ariā whanaketanga, i ngā whakawhanuitanga nui rānei e whakarōpū ana i ngā hapori mai i te "tuku iho" ki te "hou." Ka whakahē te ao pou-hou i tēnei ia, ā, ka whakanui i te maha o ngā ahurea, ki tonu i ngā whakahē, ā, kāore e taea te whakangawari i ngā wā katoa ki roto i tētahi kaupapa whanaketanga kotahi.
2. Te whakakorenga i ngā kereme mō te kore whakaaro noa iho
Ehara i te mea ko te Postmodernism te tikanga o te whakahē i te rangahau pūtaiao, engari e whakahē ana i te kereme ka taea e ngā kairangahau te noho koretake. I roto i te mātauranga iwi, ko te whiriwhiri kaupapa, te tikanga pātai, te whanaungatanga ki ngā kaiwhakapāho, tae atu ki te momo tuhituhi ka awe i ngā "hua" o te rangahau. Nō reira, he mea nui te whakaaroaro: ka whakakitea e ngā tohunga mātauranga iwi ō rātou ake tūranga (te papamuri pāpori, ngā uara, ngā hiahia mātauranga) me te pehea o taua tūranga e awe ana i ngā raraunga me te whakamaoritanga.
3. Te aro ki te reo, te tuhinga, me te whakaaturanga
Ka akiaki te ao pou-hou i te pānui i te tuhinga ahurea hei tuhinga. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, kāore ngā mahi toi ahurea e mārama noa ana hei pūrongo o ngā meka, engari hei kōrero pakiwaitara me te hanganga, te whaikōrero, me ngā rautaki whakatenatena. Ka pātai ngā tohunga ahurea pou-hou: me pēhea te hanga i ngā "kiripuaki" i roto i te toi ahurea? Ko wai ka hoatu he reo, ko wai ka wahangu? Me pēhea te whiriwhiri kupu e hanga ai i ngā whakaaro o te rōpū e akohia ana? Mā tēnei huarahi ka whakatuwherahia he wāhi mō te whakahē i ngā momo āhua, te whakamāoritanga, me te whakangawari.
4. Tirohanga maha me te reo maha-reo
Engari ko te ao pou-hou, kaua ko te reo kotahi, he reo matua mō te tangata, engari he maha ngā momo reo e tautoko ana i te ao tuku iho: te whakaatu i ngā reo maha, tae atu ki ngā kōrero roa mai i ngā kaikōrero, ngā kōrero, ngā kōrero rānei e whakaatu ana i ngā rerekētanga o ngā whakaaro i roto i te hapori. E kitea ana te ahurea ehara i te mea he pūnaha kotahi, engari he wāhi whiriwhiri mō te tikanga, te pakanga, me ngā rerekētanga o te karaehe, te ira tangata, te tau, te whakapono, te iwi rānei.
5. Te whakaputa mana me te mātauranga
I whakaaweawetia e Foucault, e whakanui ana te ao pou-hou i te hononga o te mātauranga me te mana. Kāore te mātauranga tangata e tū motuhake mai i ngā whanaungatanga mana: ka taea e ngā whare wānanga, ngā pūtea rangahau, ngā kaupapa here a te kāwanatanga, me ngā hanganga ā-ao te awe i ngā kaupapa rangahau me te huarahi e whakatau ai i ngā whakatau. Nō reira, he maha ngā wā ka hono ngā huarahi pou-hou ki te arotake pou-koroni, te whakahāwea wahine, me ngā rangahau ā-rohe, e whai ana ki te whakanui i ngā rōpū kua tahaetia e ngā kōrero rangatira.
"Te Raruraru o te Māngai" me ngā Hurihanga o ngā Mahi Whakamāoritanga Iwi
I roto i te mātauranga tangata, he maha ngā wā e hono ana te ao pou-hou ki te mea e kiia nei ko te raruraru o te māngai. E tohu ana tēnei raruraru i te mōhiotanga ehara te mātauranga tangata i te "whakaata" e whakaata ana i te mooni, engari he hanganga. Ko ngā mahi e kōrerohia whānuitia ana i roto i tēnei tautohetohe ko te kohinga pukapuka "Writing Culture" (1986), e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga whaikōrero me ngā āhuatanga tōrangapū o te tuhituhi mātauranga tangata.
Nā reira, kua nui ake te kitea o ētahi panonitanga i roto i ngā mahi rangahau: tuatahi, kei te tuwhera ake te tuhituhi a ngā tohunga tātai tangata mō te tukanga mara—ngā pōhēhētanga, ngā pakanga, ngā hinganga, me ngā raruraru matatika. Tuarua, kei te whakamātautau i ngā momo tuhituhi: te whakamahi i ngā kōrero a te tangata tuatahi, te kōrero tahi, te whakakotahi rānei i ngā momo tuhinga (hei tauira, ngā tuhinga roa, ngā whakamaharatanga, me ngā tātaritanga mātauranga). Tuatoru, kei te akiakihia te rangahau tahi, kei reira ngā hapori e rangahauhia ana e whai wāhi ana ki te whakatakoto pātai, te whakamārama i aua pātai, tae noa ki te tuhi i ngā hua.
Ngā Takoha o te Ao Hou ki te Ahurea Tangata
He nui te takoha a te Postmodernism mā te whakakore i te rohe whakamarie o te kaupapa. Ka whakamahara i te mātauranga tangata kia kaua e taka ki te mahanga o te kī he pono kotahi, he āhua pumau rānei o te ahurea. Mā te whakanui i te maha me te horopaki, ka āwhina te postmodernism i te mātauranga tangata kia aro nui ake ki te huringa pāpori tere, ki ngā tuakiri ranu, ki te hunga e noho tawhiti ana, ki te ao whānui, me ngā whanaketanga pāpāho. I roto i te ao e hono haere ana, kāore e taea te mahere i te ahurea hei tikanga ā-rohe pumau; engari, he maha ngā wā ka hangaia e ngā tūtakitanga, ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, tae atu ki ngā pakanga i waenga i ngā kōrero.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, ka akiakihia e te ao pou-hou te matatika rangahau e aro nui ana ki te mana. Ka whakamaharatia ngā tohunga tātai tangata kia pātai ki a rātou anō: he painga tēnei rangahau ki te hunga e rangahauhia ana? He aha ngā pānga mēnā ka whakaputaina ētahi kōrero? Nō reira, ka akiakihia ngā tohunga tātai tangata kia nui ake te kawenga, i te taha tikanga me te taha matatika.
Arotake i te Ao Hou
Ahakoa tōna awe, kua kukumehia hoki te whakaaro hou-hou e ngā whakahē. Ko tētahi whakahē nui ko tōna āhua ki te whakaaro tino rerekē: ki te kiia ngā pono katoa he mea hanga, ka taea tonu te wehewehe i waenga i ngā tātaritanga kaha me ngā tātaritanga ngoikore? E kī ana ētahi atu kairīti he nui rawa te aro o te whakaaro hou-hou ki te tuhinga me te reo, ā, ka warewarehia ngā mea tūturu pēnei i te rawakore, te tutu, te mahi, te kore taurite ōhanga rānei. Kei te āwangawanga anō hoki kei te nui rawa te whakaaroaro ka meinga te rangahau iwi "mō te kairangahau" kaua ki te hapori e akohia ana.
I roto i te mahi, he tokomaha ngā tohunga tātai tangata kua tango i te huarahi waenga: arā, te awhi i ngā akoranga o muri-hou mō te whakaaroaro me te mana o te whakaaturanga, engari kei te whai tonu i tētahi tātaritanga matatau e ahu mai ana i ngā take pāpori tūturu.
Te Katinga
Ko te ariā o muri-hou i roto i te mātauranga ahurea he kaupapa arohaehae kua huri i te tirohanga a ngā tohunga mātauranga ahurea me te tuhi i ngā momo ahurea. Ka whakahē i te whakaaro whānui ngāwari, ka wero i ngā kereme mō te koretake o te whakaaro, ā, me aro ki te reo, te māngai, me ngā whanaungatanga mana i roto i te whakaputa mātauranga. Ka akiakihia hoki e te whakaaro hou-hou he whakaaro whānui ake, he maha ngā reo, ka wātea he wāhi mō ngā reo kanorau i roto i te hapori.
Ahakoa kāore i te kore ngā whakahē—ina koa mō te whanaungatanga me te āhua ki te tino tuhituhi—kua waiho e te ao pou-hou tētahi taonga tuku iho nui: he ao mātauranga tangata e mōhio ake ana ki a ia anō, e matatika ana, e aro nui ana ki ngā uauatanga o te ao ahurea. I roto i te horopaki o te hapori o nāianei e tere haere ana, ka āwhina te huarahi pou-hou i te ao mātauranga tangata ki te pātai tonu me pēhea tātou e mārama ai ki te "tangata kē" me te mārama hoki ki a tātou anō hei wāhanga o taua tukanga mātauranga.
