Te Arotakenga Whai muri i te Koroni i roto i ngā Akoranga Ā-iwi
Pengantar
Ko te mātauranga tangata, hei kaupapa pūtaiao pāpori e ako ana i te tangata me ō rātou ahurea, kāore e taea te wehe atu i te hītori o te koroni. Hei kaupapa mātauranga, i puta mai, i whanakehia hoki te mātauranga tangata i te wā koroni, i te wā i koronihia ai ngā rohe o te ao e ngā whenua Pākehā. He uaua, he maha ngā pānga raruraru i puta mai i tēnei āhuatanga. Ko te arotake muri-koroni i roto i ngā rangahau mātauranga tangata e whai ana ki te wetewete me te arotake i te awe tonu o te taonga tuku iho o te koroni ki ngā tikanga, ngā ariā, me ngā whāinga o ngā rangahau mātauranga tangata tae noa ki tēnei rā.
Te Papamuri me te Horopaki o te Koroni
Hei mārama ki te arotakenga whai muri i te koroni i roto i te mātauranga tangata, he mea nui kia mārama ki te horopaki hītori o te koroni tonu. Ko te koroni he kaupapa here, he mahi rānei e uru ana ki te mana o tētahi iwi e tētahi atu, ko te tikanga he whakamahi ōhanga me te mana tōrangapū. I ngā rautau 18 me te 19, he maha ngā wā i mahi ai ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata i roto i tētahi anga koroni, ahakoa tika, ahakoa kore tika, i tautokona ai te hanganga mana koroni.
E rua ngā pānga matua o tēnei: Tuatahi, ko te tukanga kohikohi raraunga me te hanga ariā i whakahaerehia i raro i te whakaaro o te hiranga ahurea Pākehā. Tuarua, ko te mātauranga tangata i taua wā i whakahaerehia me ngā whāinga i āwhina i te whakahaere koroni, pērā i te mahere i ngā rōpū iwi me ngā tikanga ā-rohe.
Arotakenga Whai muri i te Koroni: Te Wetewete me te Raru o te Mana Whakahaere
Ko ngā huarahi whai muri i te koroni e arotahi ana ki te wetewete i ngā kōrero kua roa e whakaarohia ana he mana nui, he pono hoki. I roto i te horopaki o te mātauranga tangata, e whai ana tēnei arotake ki te tirotiro i te hanganga o tēnei pūtaiao i runga i ētahi whakaaro e whai hua ana ki ngā hiahia koroni.
1. Te Ahua o Waho me ngā Whakatakotoranga Tūturu
Ko tētahi o ngā whakahē matua e pā ana ki te āhua o te mātauranga tangata ki te whakaū i ētahi atu ahurea he 'tāwāhi', he rerekē hoki i te ahurea o te Uru. Kei roto i tēnei tukanga te whakarōpūtanga, te whakaiti i te uauatanga o te ahurea ki tētahi mea e ngāwari ana ki te mārama ki te hunga whakarongo o te Uru. E whakaatu ana ngā mahi a ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata pērā i a Edward Said i roto i tana pukapuka "Orientalism" me pēhea te kī tonu o ngā whakaaturanga o te Uru ki ngā ahurea o te Rawhiti i ngā whakarōpūtanga me ngā whakaaro pākiki.
2. Tūranga Kaupapa me te Tūāpapa Pūtaiao
Ka whakahēngia hoki ngā kereme mō te koretake o te rangahau tangata i roto i te rangahau ā-iwi. He maha ngā wā ka pātaihia te tūranga o te tohunga ā-iwi hei 'kaimātakitaki kūpapa' nā te mea ko ngā kaupapa e akohia ana he tangata e pāngia ana e ngā āhuatanga uaua o te mana. I tēnei whakaaro, i whakahē te tohunga ā-iwi o Amerika Te Raki, a Vine Deloria Jr. i te ā-iwi hei taputapu mō te pupuri tonu i te mana ahurea me te mana tōrangapū o te koroni mā te huna i te mana i muri i tētahi uhi mātauranga 'whāinga'.
3. Te Mana Whakahaere me te Reo Ā-roto
Ko tētahi o ngā āwangawanga matua o ngā tohunga ariā o muri i te koroni pērā i a Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak ko te hiranga o te tuku reo ki ngā rōpū e noho tahaetia ana, e "noho iti ana rānei". I roto i ngā rangahau ā-iwi, ko te tikanga o tēnei ko te tuku wāhi ki ngā tirohanga me ngā tirohanga a te hunga e rangahauhia ana, ko ō rātou reo ka warewarehia, ka pehia rānei e ngā kōrero matua. Ka pātai a Spivak me te ngākau nui, "Ka taea e te hunga noho tahae te kōrero?"—e whakaatu ana i te uaua o te whakarongo pono ki ngā reo o te taha i roto i ngā tautohetohe hinengaro e whakahaerehia ana e ngā tirohanga o te Hauāuru.
Huarahi Hou: Te Anthropology Arohaehae
Hei whakautu i ēnei arotake whai muri i te koroni, kua puta ake ngā huarahi hou i roto i te mātauranga tangata e whai ana kia nui ake te arohaehae me te whakaaroaro. Ko ētahi o ēnei ko:
1. Te Anthropology Whakaata
Mā te huarahi whakaaroaro, me mōhio ngā tohunga tātai tangata ki ō rātou ake tūranga i roto i te rangahau, ā, me arotake hoki i aua mea. Kei roto i tēnei ko te whakaaro ki te awe o ō rātou tuakiri, ō rātou papamuri, me ō rātou whakaaro whakahāwea ki te tukanga rangahau me te whakamārama i ngā hua.
2. Te Whai Wāhitanga Kaha o te Hapori ki te Rangahau
Ko te whakauru kaha i te hapori rangahau i ia wāhanga o te rangahau he mahi hei whakaiti i te kore taurite o te mana. E whakaae ana tēnei huarahi kei te hapori ngā mātauranga ā-rohe he mea nui, he mea whai mana hoki i roto i te tukanga rangahau.
3. Te Tuhituhi Iwi me ngā Reo Maha
I roto i ngā tuhinga ahurea, kei te tīmata ētahi tohunga tātai tangata ki te whakamahi i ngā kōrero kanorau hei whakaatu i te uauatanga o te ahurea me ngā tirohanga rerekē e wātea ana. Ko te whāinga o tēnei he whakaatu i ngā reo pono ake o ngā hapori e rangahauhia ana.
Te Akoranga Take me te Whakatinanatanga
He maha ngā tauira tūturu o te whakamahinga o te arotakenga whai muri i te koroni i roto i ngā rangahautanga tangata o nāianei. Ko tētahi tauira ko te ako i te ātete ahurea i roto i te horopaki o te tukinotanga koroni me te whai muri i te koroni. Hei tauira, ko te ako i te ahurea Afro-Karipiana e whakaatu ana me pēhea e taea ai e ngā ahurea e kiia ana he "iti" te noho hei puna kaha me te tuakiri i te aroaro o te mana whakahaere koroni.
He mahi nui anō hoki tā ngā tohunga tātai tangata Inia, pērā i a Arjun Appadurai, ki te whakamārama i te pānga o te ao whānui ki ngā tuakiri ahurea me ngā hapori o te rohe . Ko tana whakanui i te "whenua o ngā rerenga" e tohu ana ehara te ahurea i te mea pumau, i te mea pumau, engari he hihiri, ā, kei te hanga hou tonu.
Whakamutunga
Ehara i te mea he mahi mātauranga noa iho te arotakenga whai muri i te koroni i roto i ngā rangahau mātauranga tangata hei mārama me te arotake i ngā taonga tuku iho o te koroni, engari he kaupapa matatika hoki hei waihanga i ngā tikanga me ngā ariā whānui ake, taurite ake hoki. Mā te wero i ngā kōrero matua me te whakatuwhera i te wāhi mō ngā reo e noho tahaetia ana, ka whai wāhi te mātauranga mātauranga tangata ki te whai tikanga ake, ki te whai hua ake hoki i roto i te mārama ki ngā uauatanga e whanake haere ana o te tangata me ō tātou hapori.
I te aroaro o ngā wero o te ao o nāianei pērā i te hekenga mai, te huringa āhuarangi, me te pakanga ahurea, he mea nui kia urutau tonu te mātauranga mātauranga tangata me te ako mai i ngā arotakenga o muri i te koroni. Mā te aro atu ki ngā taonga tuku iho raruraru o mua ka taea ai e te mātauranga mātauranga tangata te tumanako kia noho hei taputapu matatika me te whai hua ake ki te mārama ki tō tātou ao uaua me te kanorau.
