Cov Txheej Txheem Tsim Khoom Siv Yas Silicone thiab Nws Siv Hauv Kev Siv Tshuab
Silicone—yog hais meej dua, silicone elastomer lossis silicone roj hmab—feem ntau hu ua "silicone plastic" hauv kev siv txhua hnub. Cov khoom siv no txawv ntawm cov yas roj av xws li PE, PP, lossis PVC vim nws cov polymer backbone yog tsim los ntawm siloxane (Si-O-Si) bonds, es tsis yog carbon (C-C). Cov qauv tshwj xeeb no ua rau silicone paub txog nws qhov kev tiv taus cua sov, kev ywj pheej, kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg, thiab kev ruaj khov ntawm ntau qhov kub thiab txias. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias silicone yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam kev siv thev naus laus zis niaj hnub, los ntawm cov khoom siv kho mob thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob mus rau tsheb thiab lub zog.
Tsab xov xwm no tham luv luv tab sis ua kom tiav txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua cov yas silicone thiab nws cov kev siv hauv kev siv thev naus laus zis.
-
1. Yas Silicone yog dab tsi?
"Silicone yas" feem ntau yog hais txog tsev neeg ntawm cov silicone polymers, tshwj xeeb yog polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) thiab nws cov derivatives. Daim ntawv kawg tuaj yeem yog:
- Cov elastomer uas yooj ywm (silicone roj hmab) uas tuaj yeem rov qab mus rau nws cov duab qub
- Cov roj silicone uas tawv dua thiab tiv taus cua sov
- Silicone gel rau kev cushioning lossis kev co dampening daim ntawv thov
- Cov kua silicone (roj silicone) rau cov roj nplua nyeem, cov kua dielectric, thiab lwm yam.
Cov khoom siv dav tshaj plaws hauv "silicone plastic" yog silicone roj hmab uas yog tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem vulcanization / curing.
-
2. Cov Khoom Siv Raw thiab Cov Theem Pib: Los ntawm Silica mus rau Silicon
Txawm hais tias hu ua "silicon," cov khoom pib yog silica (SiO₂), uas muaj ntau nyob rau hauv cov xuab zeb quartz. Hauv kev lag luam, cov txheej txheem pib muaj xws li:
1. Kev txo qis ntawm silica rau metallurgical silicon (Si)
Silica raug txo los ntawm kev siv cov pa roj carbon (piv txwv li, coke) hauv lub cub hluav taws xob ntawm qhov kub siab. Cov silicon uas tau los ntawm kev lag luam yog cov ntshiab (metallurgical-grade silicon), uas tom qab ntawd raug ua tiav ntxiv rau cov hom phiaj tshuaj lom neeg silicon.
2. Kev tsim cov chlorosilanes
Silicon reacts nrog methyl chloride (CH₃Cl) hla lub catalyst tooj liab los tsim cov chlorosilane sib xyaw, xws li dimethyldichlorosilane (CH₃)₂SiCl₂, uas yog thawj qhov ua ntej rau PDMS. Cov kauj ruam no feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem kev lag luam loj hauv silicon chemistry.
3. Kev rho tawm thiab kev ntxuav
Cov tshuaj chlorosilane sib xyaw ua ke raug cais los ntawm kev distillation kom tau txais cov feem pua uas xav tau. Kev ntxuav kom huv yog qhov tseem ceeb vim nws cuam tshuam rau qhov sib xws, kev ua haujlwm, thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom kawg.
-
3. Kev tsim cov hydrolysis thiab siloxane saw
Cov kauj ruam tom ntej hloov chlorosilane mus rau hauv siloxane building blocks:
1. Hydrolysis ntawm chlorosilane
Dimethyldichlorosilane raug hydrolyzed nrog dej, hloov cov chloride pawg nrog ib tug hydroxyl pawg (-OH), tsim silanol thiab by-product HCl. Cov silanol no yog reactive heev thiab yooj yim undergoes condensation.
2. Kev sib xyaw ua ke rau hauv siloxane (Si-O-Si)
Cov silanol molecules ces sib xyaw ua ke, tso dej tawm thiab tsim cov siloxane bonds. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev sib xyaw ntawm silicon oligomers thiab polymers.
3. Kev tswj hwm polymerization thiab saw ntev
Nrog rau cov tshuaj catalyst (acid lossis base) thiab kev tswj hwm cov xwm txheej ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, cov chaw tsim khoom tswj hwm:
- Qhov ntev ntawm cov saw hlau polymer (cuam tshuam rau viscosity thiab elasticity)
- Kev faib tawm ntawm qhov hnyav molecular
– Hom pawg sab (piv txwv li methyl, vinyl, phenyl) los kho cov yam ntxwv xws li tiv taus kub tsawg, tiv taus hluav taws xob UV, lossis sib xws nrog qee yam khoom ntxiv.
Qhov tshwm sim tseem ceeb ntawm theem no yog cov kua silicone (viscoelastic polymer) lossis kua silicone, uas tom qab ntawd tau tsim los ua "yas silicone" uas npaj txhij rau kev ua.
-
4. Kev Tsim Qauv: Hloov Cov Polymers Mus Ua Cov Khoom Siv Npaj Txhij Siv
Cov polymers silicone yooj yim tsis tshua siv yam tsis muaj cov khoom ntxiv. Thaum lub sijhawm tsim cov tshuaj, cov chaw tsim khoom sib tov:
- Cov khoom siv filler (feem ntau yog fumed silica) kom ua rau lub zog tensile, tiv taus kua muag, thiab ruaj khov ntawm qhov ntev
- Cov pigments rau cov xim
- Plasticizer los yog modifier rau qee qhov hardness
- Cov tshuaj ntxiv uas tiv taus cua sov/UV rau kev siv ntau heev
- Tiv thaiv hluav taws rau qee yam kev siv hluav taws xob / tsheb
- Catalyst thiab crosslinker rau kev kho cov txheej txheem
Cov mis tshuaj txiav txim siab seb cov silicone puas yuav mos heev (ntug dej tsawg), nruab nrab, lossis tawv txaus rau ib qho khoom siv tshwj xeeb.
-
5. Cov Txheej Txheem Kho: Tus yuam sij rau "Yas Silicone" Khoom khov kho
Yuav kom hloov pauv los ntawm cov khoom siv zoo li cov roj hmab/gel mus rau hauv cov elastomer khov kho, silicone yuav tsum tau hla kev sib txuas. Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb:
a) Kev Kho Peroxide
Siv cov tshuaj peroxide uas tsim cov free radicals los ua cov cross-links. Txoj kev no:
- Haum rau ntau daim ntawv thov dav dav
- Feem ntau xav tau qhov kub siab dua
- Tej zaum yuav tso qee cov khoom seem uas yuav tsum tau xav txog rau cov ntawv thov rhiab heev (piv txwv li qib kho mob / khoom noj)
b) Ntxiv Curing (Platinum-Catalyzed)
Feem ntau hu ua LSR (Liquid Silicone Rubber) system lossis kev kho ntxiv:
– Siv platinum catalyst thiab kev ntxiv tshuaj rau vinyl/hydrogen-siloxane pawg
- Cov khoom lag luam tsawg kawg nkaus
- Cov txiaj ntsig yog huv si, ruaj khov, thiab siv dav rau kev kho mob, kev saib xyuas menyuam yaus, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob raug.
c) Kev Kho Kom Qhuav (RTV - Kev Siv Vulcanizing Kub Hauv Chav)
RTV silicone tuaj yeem tawv thaum sov li chav tsev:
- Siv tau rau kev sealant, adhesives, potting
- Tsim cov khoom seem (nyob ntawm lub kaw lus), thiab qhov ceev ntawm kev kho yog cuam tshuam los ntawm cov av noo.
-
6. Kev Tsim Khoom: Los ntawm Moulding mus rau Txheej
Tom qab tsim thiab txiav txim siab ntawm qhov system kho, cov silicone raug tsim los ua cov khoom los ntawm ntau txoj kev:
- Kev txhaj tshuaj molding (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog LSR): kev ua haujlwm siab rau cov khoom me me, nyuaj xws li cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj, cov nyees khawm, cov khoom sib txuas
- Kev txhaj tshuaj molding: feem ntau siv rau cov gaskets, cov ntawv silicone, cov khoom tuab dua
- Extrusion: ua cov hoses, cov roj hmab profiles, cable rwb thaiv tsev
- Txheej thiab impregnation: txheej rau ntawm ntaub / fiber rau dej thiab tiv taus cua sov
– Kev ntim/kev ntim: nchuav cov kua silicone los tiv thaiv cov hluav taws xob
Kev tswj cov yam ntxwv xws li kub, siab, lub sijhawm kho, thiab tsim pwm txiav txim siab qhov zoo kawg (flash, shrinkage, lub zog, thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov chaw).
-
7. Kev Siv Silicon Hauv Kev Siv Tshuab
Qhov zoo ntawm silicone yog nws ua ke ntawm kev tiv taus kub, hluav taws xob rwb thaiv tsev, elasticity, thiab tiv taus huab cua. Nov yog qee qhov kev siv thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb:
1) Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob thiab Hluav Taws Xob
Silicone feem ntau siv rau hauv cov khoom siv hauv qab no:
- Cable insulator thiab protective sheath vim nws tiv taus cua sov thiab yoog tau
- Cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj thiab gaskets kom tiv thaiv cov hmoov av / dej nkag mus rau hauv lub cuab yeej
- Cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua kom cov PCB tsis txhob raug kev co, av noo, thiab hluav taws xob.
- Qee cov khoom siv thermal interface (TIM) uas ua los ntawm silicon los pab hloov cua sov los ntawm cov khoom siv fais fab
2) Kev Siv Tshuab Kho Mob thiab Cov Khoom Siv Hnav Tau
Silicone yog qhov nyiam vim nws qhov biocompatibility zoo thiab xis nyob:
- Cov yeeb nkab kho mob thiab cov khoom siv
- Lub foob rau cov khoom siv kho mob
- Cov khoom siv hnav tau uas kov tau daim tawv nqaij (cov hlua khi, cov gaskets), vim lawv mos thiab tiv taus hws
3) Tsheb thiab Kev Thauj Mus Los
Hauv tsheb, silicone yog siv rau:
- Cov hoses thiab cov foob uas ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kub siab ntawm lub cav
- Gasket kom tiv thaiv cov kua dej xau
- Qee cov khoom siv damping vibration
- Tiv thaiv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm dej thiab ntsev (xeb)
4) Zog thiab Ib puag ncig hnyav heev
Vim nws yog UV thiab huab cua resistant:
- Cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj rau ntawm lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag thiab cov thawv sib txuas
- Cov insulators thiab coatings hauv cov tshuab hluav taws xob sab nraum zoov
- Cov khoom uas xav tau kev ruaj khov ntawm qhov kub siab / qis
5) Kev Tsim Khoom thiab Kev Tsim Qauv
Hauv R&D, PDMS nrov rau:
- Cov pwm yooj ywm, cov jigs, thiab cov cuab yeej
- Qauv ntawm cov khoom elastomer
- Cov ntawv thov Microfluidics hauv cov chaw soj nstuam thev naus laus zis, vim tias lawv pob tshab thiab yooj yim rau kev tsim (rau kev tshawb fawb xav tau)
-
8. Cov Zoo thiab Cov Teeb Meem
Cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb:
- Ntau qhov kub ua haujlwm dav dav, tseem ywj pheej nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej hnyav
- Tiv taus UV, ozone thiab huab cua
- Kev rwb thaiv hluav taws xob zoo
- Muaj peev xwm tsim tau los ntawm qhov mos heev mus rau qhov nyuaj heev
Tantangan:
- Qee hom silicone muaj qhov tsis kam hnav qis dua li qee cov roj hmab.
- Kev lo rau qee yam khoom siv yuav tsum muaj cov tshuaj primer lossis cov nplaum tshwj xeeb.
– Kev ua thiab cov catalysts (piv txwv li platinum) tuaj yeem ua rau cov nqi nce ntxiv
- Kev siv cov silicone rov qab dua yog qhov nyuaj dua li qee cov thermoplastics, yog li nws xav tau txoj kev tswj hwm cov khib nyiab kom zoo.
-
Kev kaw
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua "silicone yas" muaj cov saw hlau tshwj xeeb ntawm cov kauj ruam tshuaj lom neeg thiab kev tsim khoom: los ntawm silica mus rau silicon, tom qab ntawd mus rau chlorosilane, hydrolyzed thiab condensed rau hauv siloxane saw hlau, tsim nrog cov fillers thiab additives, thiab kho kom tsim tau ib qho elastomer ruaj khov. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov qauv Si-O muaj zog thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm cov qauv ua rau silicones tseem ceeb hauv cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no - los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob mus rau tshuaj mus rau tsheb mus rau lub zog.
Yog tias koj xav tau, kuv tuaj yeem hloov kho tsab xov xwm no mus rau hauv ib qho version uas muaj kev txawj ntse ntau dua (nrog rau cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov txheej txheem txheej txheem), lossis ib qho version uas yooj yim rau cov tub ntxhais kawm, ua tiav nrog cov piv txwv ntawm cov khoom siv niaj hnub thiab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb.
