Cov Txheej Txheem Tsim Khoom Yas Nylon thiab Nws Siv Hauv Kev Lag Luam Textile
Pendahuluuan
Yas Nylon yog ib hom polymer hluavtaws uas tau hloov pauv ntau yam lag luam, suav nrog cov ntaub. Pom tau xyoo 1935 los ntawm Wallace Carothers ntawm DuPont, nylon tau dhau los ua cov khoom siv xaiv hauv kev tsim ntau yam khoom vim nws cov khoom tshwj xeeb, xws li kev ruaj khov, lub zog, thiab elasticity. Tsab xov xwm no yuav piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem tsim khoom ntawm cov yas nylon thiab tshuaj xyuas nws ntau yam kev siv hauv kev lag luam ntaub.
Keeb Kwm thiab Kev Tshawb Pom ntawm Nylon
Nylon yog ib qho ntawm thawj cov polymers hluavtaws uas tau tsim thiab tsim tawm hauv kev lag luam. Nws qhov kev tshawb pom muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog DuPont txoj kev tshawb fawb thaum ntxov xyoo pua 20th, uas tsom mus rau kev nrhiav cov khoom siv hluavtaws tshiab los hloov cov ntaub txhob lo lo ntxhuav. Tom qab ntau xyoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb, Wallace Carothers thiab nws pab neeg tau ua tiav hauv kev tsim thawj cov polyamide loj-tsim tau, nylon 66.
Cov Txheej Txheem Tsim Khoom Nylon
Kev tsim cov nylon muaj cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg nyuaj, los ntawm cov monomers mus rau polymers. Nov yog cov lus piav qhia ntxaws ntxaws:
1. Kev Xaiv Khoom Siv Raw: Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau kev ua nylon yog cov monomers uas muaj hexamethylenediamine thiab adipic acid. Ob qho tib si ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no muaj cov amine ua haujlwm (-NH2) thiab carboxylic acid (-COOH) pawg, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov txheej txheem polymerization.
2. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom siv polymerization: Cov txheej txheem thawj zaug hauv kev tsim cov nylon yog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom siv polymerization. Hauv cov txheej txheem no, hexamethylenediamine thiab adipic acid raug sib xyaw thiab cua sov kom txog thaum lawv ua rau nylon 66 thiab dej ua cov khoom seem. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tuaj yeem piav qhia raws li hauv qab no:
\[
(NH_2)(CH_2)_6(NH_2) + (COOH)(CH_2)_4(COOH) \rightarrow [-NH-(CH_2)_6-NH-CO-(CH_2)_4-CO-]_n + nH_2O
\]
3. Kev Tig thiab Kev Ua Kub: Thaum cov polymer tau tsim lawm, kauj ruam tom ntej yog cov txheej txheem tig. Cov polymer yaj raug xa mus rau hauv lub spinneret - lub cuab yeej zoo li lub lim dej nrog cov qhov me me - los tsim cov filaments zoo. Cov filaments uas tsim tau ces txias thiab ncab kom ua rau lawv lub zog thiab kev ruaj khov.
4. Kev Sib Tw thiab Kev Sib Ntswg: Cov nylon fibers ces raug dov ua xov. Cov xov no ces dhau los ntawm cov txheej txheem bleaching kom tshem tawm cov tshuaj lom neeg lossis cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab ua kom cov fiber mos.
5. Kev Kos Duab thiab Kev Tsim Qauv: Cov txheej txheem no suav nrog kev kos cov filament ntawm qhov ceev ceev kom nce nws qhov ntev thiab lub zog. Kev tsim qauv tuaj yeem ua tiav, siv ntau txoj kev kho tshuab thiab thermal los muab cov khoom tshwj xeeb rau cov fiber, xws li elasticity thiab yooj ywm.
Kev siv Nylon hauv kev lag luam Textile
Nylon tau dhau los ua cov khoom siv tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim ntau yam khoom siv textile vim nws cov khoom zoo heev. Nov yog qee qhov nws siv hauv kev lag luam textile:
1. Khaub Ncaws thiab Khaub Ncaws: Nylon siv dav hauv kev tsim khaub ncaws vim nws lub teeb yuag, ruaj khov, thiab yoog tau. Cov ntaub nylon feem ntau siv rau hauv kev tsim cov ris tsho hauv qab, thom khwm, khaub ncaws ua si, thiab cov tsho tiv no.
2. Cov Ntaub Txhua Hnub: Nylon kuj tseem siv los ua cov ntaub txhua hnub xws li lub kaus, hnab, thiab cov khoom siv hauv tsheb. Cov khoom no yog xaiv rau nws qhov kev tiv taus kev sib txhuam thiab muaj zog nyob rau hauv ntau yam huab cua.
3. Kev Lag Luam Tshwj Xeeb: Hauv qee yam kev lag luam, xws li tub rog, nylon yog siv los ua cov parachutes, cov khoom siv pw hav zoov, thiab hlua. Nylon qhov zoo ntawm lub zog tensile thiab tshuaj lom neeg ua rau nws zoo tagnrho rau cov ntawv thov no.
4. Rooj Tog thiab Kho Kom Zoo Nkauj Hauv Tsev: Nylon kuj siv rau hauv cov ntaub pua plag thiab cov rooj tog zaum. Cov ntaub pua plag ua los ntawm cov nylon fibers paub txog lawv cov khoom siv ruaj khov, yooj yim ntxuav, thiab tiv taus cov av zoo.
5. Hloov Cov Khoom Siv Ntuj: Nylon tau hloov ntau cov khoom siv ntuj, xws li txhob lo lo ntxhuav thiab plaub hau, hauv ntau daim ntawv thov textile. Nws cov txiaj ntsig tsim tawm ntau thiab kev lag luam ntau dua piv rau cov khoom siv ntuj ua rau nylon yog qhov kev xaiv tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam kev lag luam.
Cov Zoo thiab Cov Tsis Zoo ntawm Nylon
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm nylon fiber yog nws lub zog tensile zoo heev thiab nws lub peev xwm ncab mus rau qee qhov ua ntej rov qab mus rau nws cov duab qub (elasticity). Nylon kuj tseem tiv taus kev sib txhuam, pwm, thiab feem ntau cov tshuaj lom neeg, muab qhov ruaj khov uas xav tau hauv ntau daim ntawv thov.
Txawm li cas los xij, nylon muaj qee qhov tsis zoo. Ib qho yog nws qhov muaj peev xwm nqus dej tsawg dua piv rau cov fiber ntuj xws li paj rwb, uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev nplij siab hauv huab cua kub. Ntxiv mus, nylon tuaj yeem yaj ntawm qhov kub siab thiab xav tau kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb thaum ntxuav kom tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj.
Kev Tsim Kho Tshiab thiab Yav Tom Ntej ntawm Nylon hauv Kev Lag Luam Textile
Kev lag luam textile txuas ntxiv mus zuj zus, thiab kev tsim kho tshiab hauv kev tsim khoom thiab siv cov nylon fibers txuas ntxiv mus. Cov kws tshawb fawb tam sim no ua haujlwm los tsim cov nylons uas zoo rau ib puag ncig siv cov khoom siv raw uas rov ua dua tshiab thiab cov txheej txheem tsim khoom zoo dua. Kev siv zog kuj tseem tab tom ua los tsim cov nylon variants nrog cov khoom tshwj xeeb, xws li cov khoom tiv thaiv kab mob lossis UV-resistant, los ntawm kev hloov kho tshuaj lom neeg thiab thev naus laus zis.
Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, kev siv cov nylon rov ua dua tshiab thiab kev siv dua tshiab tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb los txo qhov cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig. Cov haujlwm los siv nylon dua tshiab los ntawm cov khoom siv lossis cov khib nyiab tsim tawm tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb thaum kev paub txog ib puag ncig nce ntxiv.
Xaus
Txij li thaum nws tshawb pom ntau tshaj yim xyoo dhau los, cov yas nylon tau ua ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam textile. Los ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom uas muaj polymerization thiab spinning rau hauv fibers, nylon tau dhau los ua cov khoom siv muaj nqis heev rau kev tsim ntau yam khoom textile. Nws cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lub zog, durability, thiab kev ywj pheej ua rau nylon yog ib qho kev daws teeb meem ntau yam hauv ntiaj teb textile. Nrog kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho tshiab tas mus li, yav tom ntej ntawm nylon zoo li ci ntsa iab, nrog kev cia siab tias cov khoom nylon ruaj khov dua thiab zoo rau ib puag ncig yuav raug siv dav hauv yav tom ntej.
