Lub zog hluav taws xob

Tseem kawm txog kev sib tham txog cov lus nug txog hluav taws xob thiab cov piv txwv ntawm cov lus nug txog hluav taws xob.

Yuav kom nkag siab txog lub zog hluav taws xob uas ua haujlwm ntawm qhov deb, lub tswv yim ntawm lub teb tau raug qhia. Lub tswv yim ntawm lub teb hluav taws xob tau tsim los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv Michael Faraday (1791–1867).

Kev Nkag Siab

Xav tias ib tug pas iav thaum xub thawj tsis muaj hluav taws xob. Tom qab raug txhuam nrog daim ntaub, tus pas iav yuav raug them hluav taws xob. Thaum tus pas iav muaj hluav taws xob , ib lub teb tib lub sijhawm tshwm sim nyob ib puag ncig tus pas iav. Yog tias tus pas iav tsis muaj hluav taws xob, lub teb tib lub sijhawm ploj ntawm qhov chaw. Yog li qhov muaj ib lub teb tsis tuaj yeem sib cais los ntawm qhov muaj hluav taws xob. Lub teb hluav taws xob tsis yog ib hom khoom zoo li huab cua thiab tsis yog ib hom nthwv dej zoo li nthwv dej electromagnetic, tab sis yog ib yam dab tsi uas tsim los ntawm hluav taws xob thiab cuam tshuam rau qhov chaw nyob ib puag ncig lub hluav taws xob, qhov twg nws lub hwj chim tsuas yog hnov ​​​​​​los ntawm lwm cov hluav taws xob.

Yuav kom paub tseeb tias muaj ib lub teb nyob hauv ib qho chaw, nws yuav xav tias muaj ib qho kev sim hauv qhov chaw ntawd. Qhov kev sim yog ib qho kev sim (Q) uas me heev uas nws tsim ib lub teb me me thiab yog li ntawd tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev sim tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​​​qhov cuam tshuam ntawm lub teb uas tsim los ntawm lwm cov nqi hluav taws xob. Qhov kev sim tsuas yog muaj los tshawb xyuas seb puas muaj lub teb hluav taws xob. Yog tias muaj ib qho, qhov kev sim yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob. Ntawm qhov tod tes, yog tias tsis muaj, qhov kev sim yuav tsis muaj lub zog hluav taws xob.

Saib daim duab ntawm sab.
Hauv daim duab 1, tus nqi +q₁ thiab them + q₂ tsim ib lub teb hluav taws xob hauv qhov chaw ib puag ncig. Thaum muab lub nqi sim +q tso rau_o ntawm ib qho chaw hauv qhov chaw, qhov them sim + q_o ntsib lub zog hluav taws xob. F₁ yog lub zog hluav taws xob uas tus nqi + q ua₁ ntawm qhov them sim + q_o thiab F₂ yog lub zog hluav taws xob uas tus nqi + q ua₂ ntawm qhov them sim + q_oHauv daim duab 2, thaum lub zog sim raug tshem tawm, lub teb tseem nyob thiab tsis ploj ntawm qhov ntawd. E₁ yog lub teb uas tsim los ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob + q₁ thiab E₂ yog lub teb uas tsim los ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob + q₂.

Lub zog teb

Ib lub teb hluav taws xob yog ib qho vector quantity, muaj ob qho tib si magnitude thiab direction. Lub zog ntawm lub teb hluav taws xob ntawm ib qho point yog txhais tias yog lub zog hluav taws xob uas lub zog hluav taws xob siv rau ntawm ib qho test charge positive uas muab tso rau ntawm qhov ntawd, faib los ntawm qhov loj ntawm lub test charge.
Cov Ntaub Ntawv:
E = lub zog teb
F = lub zog hluav taws xob
q = qhov loj ntawm qhov them sim
Cov Ntaub Ntawv:
Q = lub zog hluav taws xob
r = qhov deb ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob thiab lub zog sim
(nyeem: epsilon xoom) = permittivity ntawm qhov chaw khoob = 8,854 x 10^-12 C²/Nm²
k = Coulomb tas li = 9 x 10⁹ Nm²/C²

Lub chav ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob yog Newton thiab lub chav ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob yog Coulomb yog li lub chav ntawm lub teb yog Newton/Coulomb, luv N/C.

arah ua

 
Saib daim duab ntawm sab
Nyob rau Daim Duab 1a, ib qho hluav taws xob zoo (+Q) siv lub zog hluav taws xob rau ntawm qhov hluav taws xob kuaj zoo (+q), qhov twg qhov kev taw qhia ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob (F) nyob deb ntawm qhov hluav taws xob +Q.
Nyob rau Daim Duab 1b, thaum lub nqi sim raug tshem tawm, ntawm qhov ntawd muaj ib lub teb (E) uas nws qhov kev taw qhia nyob deb ntawm lub nqi hluav taws xob Q.
Nyob rau Daim Duab 2a, ib qho hluav taws xob tsis zoo (-Q) siv lub zog hluav taws xob rau ntawm qhov hluav taws xob kuaj zoo (+q), qhov twg qhov kev taw qhia ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob (F) mus txog qhov hluav taws xob -Q.
Nyob rau Daim Duab 2b, thaum lub nqi sim raug tshem tawm, ntawm qhov ntawd muaj ib lub teb (E) uas nws qhov kev taw qhia ze rau lub nqi hluav taws xob -Q.
Raws li daim duab thiab cov lus piav qhia saum toj no, nws tuaj yeem xaus lus tias qhov kev taw qhia ntawm lub teb yog deb ntawm qhov hluav taws xob zoo thiab mus rau qhov hluav taws xob tsis zoo.

Piv txwv txog teeb meem

1. Lub ntsiab lus A nyob hauv ib lub teb hluav taws xob. Lub zog hluav taws xob ntawm lub ntsiab lus A yog 0,4 N/C. Yog tias ib yam khoom uas muaj nqi ntawm 0,2 C raug muab tso rau ntawm lub ntsiab lus A, lub zog Coulomb ntawm...
A. 0,2 N
B. 0,4 N
C. 0,6 N
D. 0,7 N
Sab Hnub Tuaj 0,8 N
Kev Sib Tham:
Nws yog paub :
E = 0,4 N/C
q = 0,2 C
Nug :
Lub zog fais fab?
Jawb :
F = q E = (0,2 C)(4 N/C) = 0,8 N
Cov lus teb yog yog E.

2. Ib qho chaw them nqi q nyob ntawm qhov chaw A hauv lub zog hluav taws xob uas tsim los ntawm tus nqi (+) kom nws muaj lub zog ntawm 0,1 N hauv kev taw qhia mus rau tus nqi q. Yog tias lub zog teb ntawm qhov chaw A yog 0,02 N/C, ces qhov loj thiab hom nqi q yog...
A. 5,0 C, zoo
B. 5,0 C, tsis zoo
C. 4,0 C, zoo
D. 2,5 C, tsis zoo
E. 2,5 C, zoo
Kev Sib Tham:
Nws yog paub :
F = 0,1 N
E = 0,02 N/C
Nug :
Qhov loj thiab kev coj ntawm tus nqi q yog dab tsi?
Jawb :
Qhov loj ntawm tus nqi q:
F = qE
q = F / E = 0,1 N : 0,02 N / C = 5C
Hom nqi q:
Lub zog Coulomb yog qhov kev taw qhia ntawm tus nqi q yog li tus nqi q yuav tsum muaj tus nqi zoo.