Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob
Thov saib ib yam khoom nyob ib puag ncig koj. Yog koj rhuav tshem ib yam khoom, piv txwv li pob zeb, lub pob zeb yuav tawg ua ntau daim me me. Yog tias lub pob zeb raug tsoo dua, lub pob zeb yuav tig mus ua tej daim me me dua. Yuav ua li cas yog tias cov pob zeb raug tsoo dua? Tau kawg, cov pob zeb raug tsoo thiab tig mus ua tej daim me me dua. Puas yog pob zeb raug faib ua tej daim me me kom txog thaum lawv tsis muaj qhov kawg? Qhov tseeb qhia tau hais tias txhua yam khoom yog tias faib ua tej daim me me yuav mus txog qhov chaw uas qhov me tshaj plaws ntawm yam khoom tsis tuaj yeem faib ua tej daim me me. Qhov me tshaj plaws ntawm yam khoom uas tsis tuaj yeem faib ntxiv lawm hu ua atom. Yog li atom yog qhov me tshaj plaws ntawm txhua yam khoom hauv lub ntiaj teb.
Lub zog hluav taws xob hauv Atoms
Cov atom muaj cov electrons, protons, thiab neutrons. Protons thiab neutrons tsim lub nucleus atomic, uas ntsuas kwv yees li 10-15 meters . Cov electrons nyob sab nraud lub nucleus thiab ncig nws zoo li cov ntiaj teb ncig lub hnub. Yog tias lub atom txoj kab uas hla yog ob peb mais, lub nucleus yog li qhov loj ntawm lub pob billiard, nrog cov electrons nyob hauv lub nucleus, ncav cuag qhov deb li ntawm 10-10 meters . Nruab nrab ntawm lub nucleus thiab lub electron yog qhov chaw khoob.
Cov electrons uas muaj nqi tsis zoo nyob ntawm ntug ntawm lub atom, thiab cov protons uas muaj nqi zoo nyob hauv lub nucleus. Yuav kom cov electrons ncig lub nucleus thiab tsis khiav tawm ntawm lub atom, lub nucleus uas muaj nqi zoo yuav tsum siv lub zog nyiam rau cov electrons. Lub zog no, uas ua rau cov electrons ncig lub nucleus thiab tiv thaiv lawv kom tsis txhob khiav tawm, hu ua lub zog hluav taws xob.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, sab hauv lub nucleus atomic muaj cov protons uas muaj nqi zoo, yog li lawv ib txwm tawm tsam ib leeg vim lawv muaj tib lub nqi. Yuav kom cov protons ua ke hauv lub nucleus atomic thiab tiv thaiv lawv kom tsis txhob sib cais ntawm lub atom, lub zog yuav tsum tuav lawv ua ke. Lub zog uas tuav cov protons ua ke hauv lub nucleus atomic hu ua lub zog nuclear.
Qhov hnyav ntawm proton yuav luag zoo ib yam li qhov hnyav ntawm neutron. Kwv yees li 99,9% ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm ib lub atom yog nyob hauv lub nucleus, thaum cov electrons muaj qhov hnyav me me heev. Qhov hnyav ntawm electron (m ) = 9,1093897 x 10-31 kg, qhov hnyav ntawm neutron (mn ) = 1,6749286 x 10-27 kg , thiab qhov hnyav ntawm proton (mp ) = 1,6726231 x 10-27 kg.
Tus Nqi Hluav Taws Xob
Cov electrons muaj cov nqi tsis zoo, cov protons muaj cov nqi zoo, thiab cov neutrons tsis muaj hluav taws xob. Cov protons thiab neutrons uas ua rau lub nucleus atomic yog tsim los ntawm quarks, uas muaj cov nqi kwv yees li 1/3 thiab kwv yees li 2/3 npaug ntawm cov electrons. Quarks yog cov khoom me me tshaj plaws uas ua rau cov atoms, tab sis txog tam sim no, quarks tsis tau pom tias muaj nyob ib leeg ua cov khoom me me.
Qhov loj ntawm lub electron charge lossis proton charge yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub charge. Qhov loj ntawm lub electric charge ntawm ib yam khoom yog ntau ntawm lub electron charge lossis proton charge. Qhov no hu ua quantized charge . Piv txwv li, yog tias tus nqi me tshaj plaws ntawm cov nyiaj uas peb siv yog 100 rupiah, ces tus nqi ntawm ib tus neeg muaj yog qhia ua ntau ntawm cov nyiaj me tshaj plaws, uas yog 100 rupiah. Piv txwv li, tus nqi ntawm kuv cov nyiaj yog 100.000 thiab 100.000 no tuaj yeem faib los ntawm 100. Nws yuav txawv yog tias tus nqi ntawm kuv cov nyiaj yog 100.002 vim tias tsis muaj tus nqi ntawm 2 rupiah. Ib yam li ntawd, tus nqi ntawm lub charge ntawm ib yam khoom. Tus nqi ntawm lub electron yog -e thiab tus nqi ntawm lub charge ntawm proton yog +e. Tus nqi ntawm lub charge ntawm ib yam khoom yog ntau ntawm e lossis 1,60 x 10 -19 Coulomb thiab tuaj yeem qhia los ntawm Q = ±Ne. Q = tus nqi ntawm cov nqi, ± sawv cev rau hom nqi, N = tus lej tag nrho, e = 1,60 x 10 -19 Coulomb.
Cov Hluav Taws Xob Hauv Cov Khoom
Yog tias ib lub atom muaj tib tus lej ntawm cov electrons li protons, ces tag nrho cov nqi hluav taws xob hauv lub atom yog xoom, thiab lub atom yog neutral, txhais tau tias nws tsis muaj nqi hluav taws xob. Tus lej ntawm protons lossis electrons hauv lub atom neutral hu ua tus lej atomic (Z) . Yog tias muaj ntau cov electrons dua li protons, lub atom raug them tsis zoo. Ntawm qhov tod tes, yog tias muaj tsawg dua electrons dua li protons, lub atom raug them zoo. Cov atoms uas raug them tsis zoo hu ua cov ions tsis zoo , thaum cov atoms raug them zoo hu ua cov ions zoo . Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev nqus lossis tso cov electrons tawm ntawm lub atom hu ua ionization . Thaum peb hais tias lub atom raug them, peb txhais tau tias tag nrho cov nqi lossis cov nqi net. Piv txwv li, ib lub atom muaj 10 electrons thiab 7 protons. Lub atom no raug them tsis zoo vim nws muaj 3 cov electrons uas raug them tsis zoo ntau dhau. Yog li cov nqi net ntawm lub atom no yog 3, thiab hom atomic them tsis zoo. Cov lej 3, 7, 10 tsuas yog piv txwv kom yooj yim to taub. Qhov tseeb, qhov ntau ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob ntawm ib yam khoom yog ntau npaum li cas ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob lossis cov nqi proton.
Yog tias ib yam khoom muaj ntau cov electrons npaum li protons, ces yam khoom ntawd yog neutral lossis tsis muaj hluav taws xob. Yog tias ib yam khoom muaj ntau cov electrons dua li protons ces yam khoom ntawd muaj hluav taws xob tsis zoo, thiab yog tias ib yam khoom muaj hluav taws xob tsawg dua li protons ces yam khoom ntawd muaj hluav taws xob zoo. Ib yam khoom uas thaum xub thawj tsis muaj hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ua rau muaj hluav taws xob tsis zoo los ntawm kev ntxiv cov electrons rau yam khoom, thaum ib yam khoom tuaj yeem ua rau muaj hluav taws xob zoo los ntawm kev txo cov electrons hauv yam khoom.
