Nā Haʻawina Hoʻonaʻauao Kino Kumu

No ka wehewehe ʻana i nā kaʻina hana thermodynamic hiki ʻole ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia, ua hoʻokumu nā kānaka ʻepekema i ke kānāwai ʻelua o ka thermodynamics. Ua wehewehe ke kānāwai ʻelua o ka thermodynamics i nā kaʻina hana e hiki ke hana ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa a me nā kaʻina hana hiki ʻole ke hana. Ua ʻōlelo kekahi kanaka ʻepekema i kapa ʻia ʻo RJE Clausius (1822-1888) i kēia ʻōlelo:

ʻO ke ʻano maoli, neʻe ka wela mai nā mea wela kiʻekiʻe i nā mea wela haʻahaʻa; ʻo ke ʻano maoli, ʻaʻole neʻe ka wela mai nā mea wela haʻahaʻa a i nā mea wela kiʻekiʻe (Ke kānāwai ʻelua o ka thermodynamics—ka ʻōlelo a Clausius).

ʻO ka ʻōlelo a Clausius kekahi o nā ʻōlelo kūikawā o ke kānāwai ʻelua o ka thermodynamics. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he ʻōlelo kūikawā no ka mea pili wale ia i hoʻokahi kaʻina hana wale nō, e pili ana i ka hoʻoili wela. ʻOiai ʻaʻole pili kēia ʻōlelo i nā kaʻina hana ʻē aʻe, pono mākou i kahi ʻōlelo laulā. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kahi ʻōlelo laulā o ke kānāwai ʻelua o ka thermodynamics e pili ana i ke aʻo ʻana i nā mīkini wela. No laila, kūkākūkā mua mākou i ka wela o ka mīkini.

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Nā kaʻina hana Thermodynamic ʻatikala: Isothermal Adiabatic Isochoric Isobaric

ʻEhā mau kaʻina hana thermodynamic, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Isothermal, isochoric, isobaric a me adiabatic.

Kaʻina Hana Isothermal (mahana mau)

I loko o ke kaʻina hana isothermal, mālama mau ʻia ka mahana o ka ʻōnaehana. Ma ke kumumanaʻo, he kinoea kūpono ka ʻōnaehana i kālailai ʻia. Pili pono ka mahana o ke kinoea kūpono i ka ikehu kinoea kūloko kūpono (U = 3/2 n RT). ʻAʻole loli ʻo T, no laila ʻaʻole loli ʻo U. No laila, inā pili i ke kaʻina hana isothermal, lilo ke kānāwai mua o ka hoʻohālikelike thermodynamic:

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Kaʻina hana thermodynamic

ʻO ka wela (Q) ka ikehu e neʻe ana mai kekahi mea a i kekahi mea ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa o ka mahana. E pili ana i nā ʻōnaehana a me nā wahi noho, ʻo ka wela ka ikehu e neʻe ana mai ka ʻōnaehana a i ke kaiapuni a i ʻole ka ikehu e neʻe ana mai ke kaiapuni a i ka ʻōnaehana, ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa o ka mahana. Inā ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana o ka ʻōnaehana ma mua o ka mahana o ke kaiapuni, e kahe ka wela mai ka ʻōnaehana a i ke kaiapuni. Inā ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana o ke kaiapuni ma mua o ka mahana o ka ʻōnaehana, a laila kahe ka wela mai ke kaiapuni a i ka ʻōnaehana.

ʻO ka wela (Q) ka ikehu e neʻe ana ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa o ka mahana, ʻoiai ʻo ka hana (W) e pili ana i ka hoʻoili ikehu ma o ka hana. No ka laʻana, inā hana ka ʻōnaehana ma ke kaiapuni, a laila neʻe ka ikehu mai ka ʻōnaehana a i ke kaiapuni. I ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, inā hana ke kaiapuni ma ka ʻōnaehana, a laila neʻe ka ikehu mai ke kaiapuni a i ka ʻōnaehana.

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Nā kuʻi ʻana inelastic

ʻAʻole pili ke kānāwai mālama ʻana i ka ikehu kinetic i nā kuʻi inelastic. Pili ke kānāwai mālama ʻana i ka momentum i nā kuʻi inelastic inā ʻaʻohe ikaika o waho e hana ma luna o nā mea ʻelua e kuʻi ana. I loko o kahi kuʻi inelastic, pili pū nā mea ʻelua a i ʻole e pili kekahi i kekahi ma hope o ke kuʻi ʻana.

Laʻana nīnau 1.

ʻElua mau mea o ke kaumaha like, ʻo ia hoʻi he 1 kg. Neʻe ka mea 1 ma luna o kahi mokulele pālahalaha ma ka wikiwiki o 10 m/s a kuʻi me ka mea ʻelua e noho mālie ana. Ma hope o ke kuʻi ʻana, pili pū nā mea ʻelua. He aha ka wikiwiki o nā mea ʻelua ma hope o ke kuʻi ʻana?

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Nā kuʻi ʻana hapa elastic

I nā kuʻi ʻana hapa elastic, pili ke kānāwai o ka mālama ʻana i ka momentum, ʻoiai ʻaʻole pili ke kānāwai mālama ʻana i ka ikehu kinetic. I ka manawa e hana ʻia ai kahi kuʻi ʻana, hoʻololi ʻia kekahi ikehu kinetic i ka ikehu kani, ka ikehu wela, a me ka ikehu kūloko. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo elastic e hōʻike ana ma hope o ke kuʻi ʻana, ʻaʻole e pili pū nā mea ʻelua akā e lele aku.

ʻO kahi laʻana o ke kuʻi elastic hapa ʻo ia ke kuʻi hoʻokahi-dimensional o ʻelua mau kinikini a i ʻole ʻelua mau pōpō wai.

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Ka mālama ʻana i ka momentum linear

ʻŌlelo ke kānāwai o ka mālama ʻana i ka momentum linear inā ʻaʻohe ikaika o waho e hana ana ma luna o ʻelua mau mea e kuʻi ana, ua like ka momentum o nā mea ma mua o ke kuʻi ʻana me ka momentum o nā mea ma hope o ke kuʻi ʻana.

p₁ + p₂ =p₁ ' + p₂ ' ………………….. Kaulike 1.4

m₁ v₁ +m₂ v₂ = m₁ v₁ ' + m₂ v₂ '

Inā pili pū nā mea ʻelua ma hope o ke kuʻi ʻana,

m₁ v₁ +m₂ v₂ = (m₁ +m₂ ) v'

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Nā kuʻi elastic kūpono

Ua kapa ʻia kahi kuʻi ʻana o nā mea ʻelua he kuʻi elastic kūpono inā like ka momentum a i ʻole ka ikehu kinetic o kēlā me kēia mea ma mua o ke kuʻi ʻana me ka momentum a me ka ikehu kinetic o kēlā me kēia mea ma hope o ke kuʻi ʻana. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, pili ke kānāwai mālama momentum a me ke kānāwai mālama ikehu kinetic i nā kuʻi elastic kūpono. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo elastic e hōʻike ana ma hope o ke kuʻi ʻana, ʻaʻole e pili pū nā mea ʻelua a ʻaʻole hoʻi e pili kekahi i kekahi akā e lele aku. Mālama ʻia ka momentum o kēlā me kēia mea.

Ua mālama ʻia ka momentum o kēlā me kēia mea.

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Kumumanaʻo ikehu hana-mekanika

ʻŌlelo ke kumumanaʻo ikehu hana-kinetic ua like ka hana upena a i ʻole ka hana i hana ʻia e ka ikaika upena me ka loli o ka ikehu kinetic.

W_upena = I_t – IĀ_o = 1⁄2 m(v_t² - v_o²)

W_upena = Aia ʻelua ʻano o nā ikaika, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ikaika conservative, a me ka ikaika non-conservative. No laila, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ka hana ʻupena he hana i hana ʻia e kahi ikaika conservative a me ka hana i hana ʻia e kahi ikaika non-conservative.

W_c + W_nc = ΔKE

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Ka hana i hana ʻia e nā mana conservative Ka ikehu hiki

E nānā i kahi mea e neʻe ana i luna a laila hoʻi i kona kūlana mua ma hope o ka hiki ʻana i ke kiʻekiʻe loa. Ke neʻe nei ka mea i luna aʻe, hana ke kaumaha i ka hana maikaʻi ʻole ma luna o ka mea. Ke neʻe nei ka mea i luna, piʻi ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mea. No laila, piʻi pū ka ikehu hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia o ka mea. Hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ua like ka hana maikaʻi ʻole i hana ʻia e ke kaumaha me ka piʻi ʻana o ka ikehu hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia o ka mea (PE).

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Mana hoʻomalu a me ka mana hoʻomalu ʻole

1. Pūʻali Koa Hoʻomalu

1.1 Kaumaha (w)

E nānā i kahi mea e neʻe kū pololei ana i luna a hiki i ka hiki ʻana i kahi kiʻekiʻe loa ma mua o ka neʻe ʻana i lalo i kona kūlana mua. Ke neʻe kū pololei ana i luna ma o h, ua kūʻē ke kaumaha i ke kuhikuhi mai ka neʻe ʻana. No laila, hana ke kaumaha i ka hana maikaʻi ʻole ma luna o ka mea. 

W = wh (cos 180^o) = – wh = – mgh

Ma hope o ka hiki ʻana i ke kiʻekiʻe loa, neʻe ka mea i lalo i kona kūlana mua ma o h. Ke neʻe i lalo, aia ke kaumaha ma ke kuhikuhi like me ka neʻe ʻana. No ka mea aia ia ma ke kuhikuhi like me ka neʻe ʻana, hana ke kaumaha i ka hana maikaʻi.

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