Nā Waiwai Colligative o nā Waiwai Electrolyte
Pendahuluan
ʻO nā waiwai colligative o nā hopena he mau waiwai e hilinaʻi wale ana i ka helu o nā ʻāpana solute i loko o kahi solvent i hāʻawi ʻia, me ka nānā ʻole i ke ʻano a i ʻole ke ʻano kemika o kēlā mau ʻāpana. Loaʻa i nā hopena electrolyte nā ʻano kūikawā no ka mea aia nā solutes i hiki ke ionize, e hana ana i nā ions maikaʻi a me nā ions maikaʻi ʻole. ʻOkoʻa kēia kaʻina hana mai nā hopena nonelectrolyte, kahi e noho ai ka solute ma ke ʻano o nā molekala pākahi.
ʻO ka ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā hopena electrolyte a me nā hopena nonelectrolyte ʻo ia ka helu o nā ʻāpana i hana ʻia ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka solute i loko o ka solvent. I loko o nā hopena nonelectrolyte, kūlike ka helu o nā ʻāpana i loko o ka hopena me ka helu o nā molekala solute. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, i loko o nā hopena electrolyte, hoʻokaʻawale ka solute i loko o nā ions, e hoʻonui ana i ka helu o nā ʻāpana i loko o ka hopena.
Nā Waiwai Colligative
ʻO nā ʻano colligative nui ʻehā o nā hopena, ʻo ia ka emi ʻana o ke kaomi mahu, ka emi ʻana o ke kiko hau, ka piʻi ʻana o ke kiko paila , a me ke kaomi osmotic. I loko o nā hopena electrolyte, ua hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau ʻano colligative ʻehā e ka helu o nā ions i hana ʻia e ka dissociation o ka solute.
1. Ka emi ʻana o ke kaomi mahu (ke kānāwai o Raoult)
ʻO ka emi ʻana o ke kaomi mahu e kū mai ana ma muli o ke alo o nā ʻāpana solute i loko o ka solvent maʻemaʻe e kāohi ana i ka volatility o nā mole solvent. Ma muli o ke kānāwai ʻO Raoult, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka emi ʻana o ke kaomi mahu o kahi hopena electrolyte ma mua o kahi hopena nonelectrolyte o ka like like, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻāpana i loko o ka hopena electrolyte ma muli o ka dissociation o ka solute. No ka laʻana, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kekahi mole o NaCl i ʻelua mau ion (Na+ a me Cl-), no laila ʻelua ka nui o ka nui o nā hopena ʻāpana i loko o ka hopena ma mua o hoʻokahi mole o kahi mea nonelectrolyte.
2. Ka Hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ke Kiko Paʻahau
ʻO ke kiko hau o kahi hopena ka mahana e loli ai ka hopena mai kahi wai a i kahi pae paʻa. Ke hoʻohui ʻia kahi solute i kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe, e emi ana ke kiko hau o ka hopena. He kūlike pololei kēia emi ʻana o ke kiko hau i ka molarity o ka solute a me ka van't Hoff factor (i), ʻo ia ka helu o nā ʻāpana i hana ʻia mai hoʻokahi anakahi o ka solute i loko o ka hopena. I loko o nā hopena electrolyte, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka van't Hoff factor ma mua o hoʻokahi, no laila ʻoi aku ka nui o ka emi ʻana o ke kiko hau ma mua o nā hopena nonelectrolyte.
ʻO ke ʻano hana no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke kaumaha o ka pae hau:
\[
ʻO ka Delta T_f = i \cdot K_f \cdot m
\]
Ma hea:
– ʻO \(\Delta T_f\) ka emi ʻana o ke kiko hau
– ʻO \(i\) ka van't Hoff factor
– ʻO \(K_f\) ke kūpaʻa hoʻohaʻahaʻa kiko hau molal o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe
– ʻO \(m\) ka molality o ka solute
3. Hoʻonui ʻia ka paila ʻana
ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi solute i kahi solvent e hoʻonui ai i ke kiko paila o ka hopena. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia kumumanaʻo ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e hoʻopilikia nā ʻāpana solute i ka mahu ʻana o nā molekala solvent, e koi ana i kahi mahana kiʻekiʻe e hoʻokō ai i ke kaomi mahu like me ka solvent maʻemaʻe. E like me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa kiko hau, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka piʻi ʻana o ke kiko paila o nā hopena electrolyte ma mua o nā hopena nonelectrolyte no ka mea ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻāpana i hana ʻia e ka dissociation.
Haʻilula no ka hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻana o ka paila kiko:
\[
ʻO ka Delta T_b = i \cdot K_b \cdot m
\]
Ma hea:
– ʻO \(\Delta T_b\) ka piʻi ʻana o ka paila
– ʻO \(i\) ka van't Hoff factor
– ʻO \(K_b\) ke kūpaʻa hoʻokiʻekiʻe o ka molal boiling point o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe
– ʻO \(m\) ka molality o ka solute
4. Kaomi Osmotic
ʻO ke kaomi osmotic ke kaomi e pono ai e hoʻōki i ka osmosis, ka neʻe ʻana o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe ma o kahi membrane semipermeable mai kahi hopena dilute i kahi mea i ʻoi aku ka nui. He mea koʻikoʻi ke kaomi osmotic (π) i ka biochemistry a me ka physiology no ka mea mālama ia i ke kaulike wai i loko o nā cell a me ke kino. I loko o nā hopena electrolyte, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kaomi osmotic ma mua o nā hopena nonelectrolyte ma muli o ka nui o nā ʻāpana.
Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ke ʻano hana no ke kaomi osmotic penei:
\[
\pi = i \cdot M \cdot R \cdot T
\]
Ma hea:
– ʻO ke kaomi osmotic ka \(\pi\)
– ʻO \(i\) ka van't Hoff factor
– ʻO \(M\) ka molarity o ka solute
– ʻO \(R\) ke kūpaʻa kinoea kūpono
– ʻO \(T\) ka mahana piha (Kelvin)
Noi a me ke Pili
He mea pono ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā waiwai colligative o nā hopena electrolyte ma nā ʻano ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana like ʻole. No ka laʻana, i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, pono i nā wai intravenous ke loaʻa kahi kaomi osmotic e like me nā wai o ke kino e pale aku ai i ka hōʻino ʻana i nā cell kino. I ka ʻoihana, hoʻohana ʻia nā waiwai colligative i ka mālama ʻana i ka meaʻai, ka mālama ʻana i ka wai, a hiki i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā huahana hoʻomaʻemaʻe.
I ke kaiapuni kūlohelohe, he kuleana ko nā waiwai colligative o nā hopena electrolyte i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā meaola i nā kūlana osmotic. Hilinaʻi ka nui o nā meaola kai i ko lākou hiki ke hoʻoponopono i ko lākou kaomi osmotic kūloko e ola ai i nā wahi paʻakai kiʻekiʻe.
Ka hopena
Hōʻike nā waiwai colligative o nā hopena electrolyte i ke koʻikoʻi o ka helu o nā ʻāpana i ka hoʻohuli ʻana i nā hanana kino like ʻole i nā hopena. Hoʻonui ka dissociation o nā electrolytes i ka helu o nā ʻāpana, kahi e hoʻonui ai i nā hopena o nā waiwai colligative e like me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ke kaomi mahu, ka emi ʻana o ka pae hau, ka piʻi ʻana o ka pae paila, a me ke kaomi osmotic. He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo kikoʻī ʻana i nā waiwai colligative no nā ʻano hana like ʻole i ka ʻoihana, ka lāʻau lapaʻau, a me ke ʻano.
Me ka holomua o ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana, ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻomohala ʻia ʻana o nā noi hou aku o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā waiwai colligative no ka pono o nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ke kaiāulu.
