Nā Hana Hōʻoia no ka Dengue Fever
Pendahuluan
ʻO ka Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) kahi maʻi viral i laha ʻia e ka nahu ʻana o nā makika Aedes aegypti a me Aedes albopictus. ʻO ka maʻi dengue e hoʻoulu ai i ka DHF he ʻehā mau serotypes: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, a me DENV-4. He pilikia olakino nui kēia maʻi ma nā ʻāina wela a me nā ʻāina subtropical, me Indonesia. No laila, he mea nui nā ʻano hana diagnostic wikiwiki a pololei no ka ʻike ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i kēia maʻi. E nānā hou kēia ʻatikala i nā ʻano hana diagnostic like ʻole i hoʻohana ʻia e ʻike ai i ka dengue hemorrhagic fever.
Nā Hōʻike Lapaʻau o ka Dengue Fever
Ma mua o ke kūkākūkā ʻana i nā ʻano hana hōʻoia, he mea nui e hoʻomaopopo i nā hōʻike lapaʻau o ka maʻi dengue. ʻIke pinepine ʻia nā hōʻailona o ka maʻi dengue ma hope o kahi manawa hoʻoulu o 4-10 mau lā ma hope o ka nahu ʻana o kahi makika. ʻO nā hōʻailona mua e komo pū me ke kuni kiʻekiʻe koke, ka ʻeha poʻo nui, ka ʻeha ma hope o nā maka, ka ʻeha o nā ʻiʻo a me nā hono, ka nausea, ka luaʻi ʻana, a me ka ʻulaʻula o ka ʻili. I nā hihia koʻikoʻi, hiki i ka maʻi ke holomua i ka maʻi dengue hemorrhagic me ke kahe koko koke a me ka dengue shock syndrome, hiki ke hoʻoweliweli i ke ola.
Nā Hana Hōʻoia
1. Nā Hōʻoia Lapaʻau
ʻO ke ʻano hana mua i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia he hōʻailona lapaʻau . Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia hōʻailona ma nā hōʻailona maʻamau a me nā hōʻailona o ka maʻi dengue i hōʻike ʻia e ka mea maʻi. I ka wā mua, e hana ke kauka i kahi mōʻaukala a me ka hoʻokolokolo kino e ʻike i nā hōʻailona e like me ke kuni nui, ka ʻeha hui, ka ʻulaʻula, a me nā hōʻailona maʻamau ʻē aʻe. Eia nō naʻe, pinepine kēia hōʻailona lapaʻau i ka pilikino a nele i ka kikoʻī, e pono ai ka hōʻoia ma o nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua.
2. Hoʻāʻo Hematology
I nā poʻe maʻi dengue fever, hōʻike kekahi mau ʻano hematological kikoʻī i nā loli koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka helu platelet kekahi o nā hoʻokolohua hematological koʻikoʻi loa. ʻO ka Thrombocytopenia (ka emi ʻana o ka helu platelet) kahi hōʻailona maʻamau i nā poʻe maʻi dengue fever. Eia kekahi, hiki ke loaʻa ka leukopenia (ka emi ʻana o ka helu o nā cell koko keʻokeʻo) a me ka hemoconcentration (ka piʻi ʻana o ka hematocrit).
3. Hoʻāʻo Serology
Hoʻohana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua serology e ʻike i ke alo o nā antibodies i hana ʻia e ke kino i ka pane ʻana i ka maʻi dengue . ʻO nā ʻano hoʻāʻo serology nui ʻelua:
– IgM a me IgG ELISA: ʻO ka Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kahi ʻano hana i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e ʻike ai i nā antibodies IgM a me IgG i loko o ke koko o ka mea maʻi. ʻIke pinepine ʻia ʻo IgM ma hope o 3-5 mau lā ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā hōʻailona a nalowale i loko o kekahi mau mahina, ʻoiai ʻike ʻia ʻo IgG ma hope a hiki ke hoʻomau no ke ola. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana o IgM e hōʻike ana i ka maʻi dengue koʻikoʻi, ʻoiai ʻo IgG e hōʻike ana i ka maʻi mua a i ʻole ka maʻi hou.
– Nā Hoʻāʻo Hōʻoia Wikiwiki (RDT): ʻAe kēia mau hoʻāʻo wikiwiki e pili ana i ka immunochromatography no ka ʻike wikiwiki a maʻalahi hoʻi o nā antibodies IgM a me IgG. ʻOiai ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka naʻau a me ke kikoʻī ma mua o ELISA, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā RDT ma ke kahua a i ʻole ma nā wahi me nā pono hana hoʻokolohua palena ʻole.
4. Ka ʻike ʻana i ka antigen NS1
ʻO NS1 (Non-Structural Protein 1) kahi protein i hana ʻia e ka maʻi dengue i ka wā o ka maʻi ʻoi a hiki ke loaʻa i loko o ke koko o ka mea maʻi mai ka lā mua o nā hōʻailona. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i ka antigen NS1 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi pahu hoʻāʻo wikiwiki antigen NS1 a i ʻole ELISA hiki ke hāʻawi i kahi hōʻailona mua ma mua o ka puka ʻana o nā antibodies IgM. Hāʻawi kēia ʻano hana i ka pono o ka ʻike mua ʻana a me ka mālama wikiwiki ʻana i nā maʻi dengue fever.
5. Hoʻololi i ka Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)
He ʻano molekala koʻikoʻi a kikoʻī hoʻi ka RT-PCR no ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea genetic o ka maʻi dengue. Pili kēia kaʻina hana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka RNA viral i loko o ka DNA complementary (cDNA) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka enzyme reverse transcriptase, a ukali ʻia e ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka cDNA me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka PCR. Hiki i ka RT-PCR ke ʻike i nā serotypes ʻehā o ka maʻi dengue me ka pololei kiʻekiʻe a hāʻawi i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka ukana viral i loko o ke kino o ka mea maʻi. ʻOiai kona ʻike kiʻekiʻe a me ke kikoʻī, ʻo kona mau palena nui ka pono no nā lako pipiʻi a me nā limahana akamai, ʻaʻole paha i loaʻa ma nā hale mālama ola āpau.
6. Nā ʻAno Hoʻonui Isothermal
ʻO nā ʻano hoʻonui isothermal e like me ka Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) he koho ʻē aʻe ia no ka PCR hiki ke hana me ka ʻole o ka pono no nā lako hana hoʻokolohua paʻakikī. ʻO LAMP kahi ʻenehana hoʻonui DNA e hana ana ma kahi mahana mau, e maʻalahi a wikiwiki hoʻi ma mua o PCR. Ua hōʻoia ʻia ka LAMP he pono i ka ʻike ʻana i ka maʻi dengue a hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ma nā wahi i kaupalena ʻia e nā kumuwaiwai.
7. Ke ʻAno Hana Manaʻo (PoC)
ʻO nā mea hana diagnostic point-of-care he mau mea hana i hoʻolālā ʻia no ka hoʻohana pololei ʻana ma kahi mālama o ka mea maʻi , e hāʻawi ana i nā hopena wikiwiki me ka ʻole o ka pono no kahi keʻena hoʻokolohua lapaʻau. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea hana PoC e komo pū me nā hoʻokolohua diagnostic wikiwiki (RDT) a me nā pahu antigen NS1. Loaʻa i nā mea hana PoC ka hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka wikiwiki o ka hōʻoia ʻana a me ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka mea maʻi, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma nā wahi mamao a i ʻole i ka wā o nā maʻi ahulau.
Nā Pilikia i ka ʻIke ʻana i ka Maʻi Dengue
ʻOiai ke loaʻa nei nā ʻano hana hōʻoia like ʻole, ke mau nei nā pilikia i ka hōʻoia ʻana i kahi hōʻoia wikiwiki, pololei, a me ke kumukūʻai kūpono no ka maʻi dengue. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau pilikia:
– ʻOkoʻa Lapaʻau: Hoʻohālikelike pinepine nā hōʻailona o ke kuni dengue me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā pae mua. Hoʻolilo kēia i ka ʻike lapaʻau me ke kākoʻo ʻole o ka hale hana.
– Nā Palena o ka Keʻena Hoʻokolohua: Ma nā wahi he nui o ka maʻi ahulau, ʻaʻole i loaʻa mau nā pono hana keʻena hoʻokolohua e pono ai no ka hoʻāʻo holomua e like me ka RT-PCR. Lilo ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā ʻano hana wikiwiki a me ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa i mea nui.
– ʻIke a me ke kikoʻī: ʻAʻole paha i loaʻa i nā hoʻokolohua serological a me nā pahu PoC ka ʻike a me ke kikoʻī kūpono, ʻoiai i nā pae mua o ka maʻi a i ʻole nā maʻi lua me nā ʻano maʻi like ʻole.
– Kumukūʻai: ʻO kekahi mau ʻano hana diagnostics, ʻoiai nā mea molekala e like me RT-PCR, pono i nā kumuwaiwai koʻikoʻi e pili ana i nā lako a me nā kumukūʻai, kahi mea hiki ʻole ke hana ʻia ma nā wahi āpau.
Nā Kuhikuhi e hiki mai ana ma ka Diagnostics Dengue
ʻAʻole hilinaʻi wale ka holomua i ke kaua ʻana i ka maʻi dengue ma ka ʻike mua ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i ka mea maʻi, akā, ma ka pale ʻana a me ka kaohi ʻana i ka laha ʻana o ka maʻi. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano hana hōʻoia wikiwiki, pololei, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kumukūʻai, a me ka hiki ke loaʻa ma nā wahi āpau he mea nui ia no ka noiʻi ma kēia wahi.
ʻO nā hana e hiki mai ana e komo pū paha me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā biosensors e pili ana i ka nanotechnology, nā kahua diagnostic integrative e hoʻohui i nā hoʻokolohua he nui i loko o hoʻokahi hāmeʻa, a me nā ʻenehana diagnostic e pili ana i ka genomics holomua e hāʻawi i ka ʻike piha e pili ana i ka maʻi a me ka pane a ka mea maʻi.
Ka hopena
He maʻi ka maʻi kuni dengue e pono ai ka mālama koke a kūpono. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā ʻano hana diagnostic like ʻole e ʻike ai i ka maʻi dengue, kēlā me kēia me kona mau pono a me nā hemahema. ʻO nā hoʻāʻo serological, ka ʻike ʻana i ka antigen NS1, a me nā ʻano molekala e like me RT-PCR kekahi o nā mea hana nui i ka ʻike ʻana i ka dengue. Ke mau nei nā pilikia diagnostic, akā ke hoʻomau nei nā hana hou ʻenehana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pololei, ka wikiwiki, a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻike. ʻO nā hana hui pū ma waena o nā kānaka ʻepekema, nā mea lawelawe olakino, a me nā mea hoʻokumu kulekele ke kī i ka ʻike ʻana a me ka kaohi ʻana i ka dengue.
