Ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻano Tectonic me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Geophysics
Pendahuluan
ʻO nā ʻano tectonic—e like me nā hewa, nā pelu, nā ʻāpana haki, a me nā palena o ka papa—he mau mea nui ia e kāohi ana i ka dinamika o ka ʻili o ka Honua. He kuleana nui kēia mau ʻano i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā mauna, nā ʻano hoʻolaha o ka ōlaʻi, ka hana pele, a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe e like me nā hydrocarbons, ka ikehu geothermal, a me nā minelala. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano tectonic he nui ma ka ʻili a i ʻole i uhi ʻia e nā sediments ʻōpio, nā mea kanu, ka wai, a i ʻole ka hana a ke kanaka. ʻO kēia kahi e lilo ai ka geophysics i mea hana koʻikoʻi: hiki iā mākou ke "ʻike" pololei ʻole i ka lalo o ka honua ma o ka pane kino o nā pōhaku i nā ikaika, nā nalu, a me ka ʻāina.
Hoʻohui ʻo Geophysics i nā ana kahua, ka hana hōʻailona, ka hoʻohālike, a me ka wehewehe ʻana e loaʻa ai nā palena o lalo o ka ʻilikai e like me ka nui, ka wikiwiki o ka nalu, ka resistivity, a me ka magnetism. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia mau palena, hiki i nā geoscientists ke ʻike i ke geometry a me nā ʻano o nā ʻano tectonic, me ko lākou hohonu, ke kuhikuhi, ka pali, a me ka hoʻomau.
Manaʻo Kumu: No ke aha e ʻike ʻia ai nā ʻano Tectonic i ka ʻikepili Geophysical
Hoʻopilikia nā ʻano tectonic i nā ʻano kino o nā pōhaku. ʻO nā hewa, no ka laʻana, hiki ke hana i nā wahi ʻino i haki a piha i ka wai. ʻO ka hopena, emi ka wikiwiki o ka nalu seismic, loli ka resistivity (haʻahaʻa pinepine inā piha i ka wai paʻakai/wela), a hiki ke emi ka nui. Hiki i nā pelu ke hoʻololi i ke kuhikuhi o nā papa pōhaku, e hopena ana i nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike seismic ʻokoʻa a me nā ʻano like ʻole o nā anomalies gravity. Hiki i nā komo magma i loko o nā wahi tectonic ke hana i nā anomalies magnetic a me nā densities kiʻekiʻe, a hoʻopilikia hoʻi i ka attenuation o ka nalu seismic.
Ma muli o kēia mau pilina, ʻimi maʻamau ka wehewehe ʻana o ka geophysical i:
1. Ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā waiwai kino ma waena o nā ʻāpana pōhaku.
2. Ka hoʻomau ʻole a i ʻole ka loli koke (hōʻailona hewa).
3. Nā ʻano geometric (e.g. anticlines–synclines i ka ʻikepili noʻonoʻo).
4. Anisotropy a me ke kuhikuhi ʻana o ka māwae e pili ana i ke koʻikoʻi tectonic.
Ke ʻAno Haʻalulu: Ka Mea Hana Nui no ka Palapala ʻĀina Kūkulu
Hoʻohana nā ʻano hana ōlaʻi i ka laha ʻana o nā nalu elastic i loko o ka Honua. ʻElua mau ala koʻikoʻi:
1) Ka Hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ke Ola Kino
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka seismicity reflection i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka ʻaila a me ke kinoea, akā he ikaika loa nō hoʻi ia no ke kaha kiʻi ʻana i nā ʻano tectonic. Hoʻopuka ʻia nā nalu mai kahi kumu (e laʻa, vibroseismic a i ʻole ka pahū i kāohi ʻia), a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ko lākou mau reflection e nā geophones/hydrophones. ʻO nā loli i ka impedance acoustic ma waena o nā papa e hana i nā reflectors mappable. ʻIke ʻia nā hewa ma ke ʻano he mau reflectors e neʻe ana, nā hoʻopau reflection, a i ʻole nā wahi chaotic. ʻIke ʻia nā pelu ma ke ʻano he mau hiʻohiʻona reflector curved maʻamau.
ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi o ka seismicity reflection ʻo ia kona hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke hōʻike i nā papa o nā kikoʻī a hiki i kekahi mau kilomita. ʻO nā pilikia e pili ana i ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe, ka hana paʻakikī, a me ka maikaʻi o ka ʻikepili e hiki ke hōʻino i nā wahi mauna a i ʻole ka pōhaku i hoʻololi nui ʻia.
2) Ka Refraction Seismic a me ka Tomography
Hoʻohana ka refraction seismic i nā nalu i refracted ma nā palena wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe. Ma nā unahi pāpaʻu a waena, he kūpono kēia ʻano hana i ka ʻike ʻana i ka hohonu o ka pōhaku moe, ka mānoanoa o ka sediment, a me nā ʻāpana hewa pāpaʻu. I kēia manawa, kūkulu hou ka tomography seismic—ma nā unahi kūloko a me nā ʻāpana—i nā ʻokoʻa wikiwiki 2D/3D mai nā ala nalu he nui. ʻIke pinepine ʻia nā ʻāpana hewa hana ma ke ʻano he mau wahi wikiwiki haʻahaʻa i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā haki a me nā wai.
I loko o ka pōʻaiapili o nā tectonics ʻāpana, he mea pono ka passive seismic tomography no ke kaha kiʻi ʻana i nā papa subduction, nā ʻāpana heheʻe, a me nā palena o nā papa.
Ke ʻAno Umekaumaha: Heluhelu ʻana i nā ʻokoʻa o ka Density
Ana nā anamanaʻo umekaumaha i nā loli o ka wikiwiki o ka umekaumaha o ka Honua i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā ʻokoʻa o ka nui o ka ʻili honua. Hiki i nā ʻano tectonic ke hana i nā ʻokoʻa nui o ka nui: ʻo ka maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka nui o nā kīʻaha sedimentary ma mua o ka bedrock, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o nā komo ʻana o ka mafic.
Hiki i kahi hewa nui ke hoʻokaʻawale i ʻelua mau poloka o nā mānoanoa like ʻole, e hana ana i kahi gradient anomalous ʻoi. Hiki i nā pelu a me nā kīʻaha ke hana i nā ʻano anomalous e pili ana i ke geometry subsurface. He mea pono loa ka umekaumaha no ka palapala ʻāina ʻāpana, ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hohonu o ka lua, a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā kīʻaha tectonic.
ʻO ka hemahema, ʻo ia ka maopopo ʻole: hiki ke hoʻoulu ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole o ke koʻikoʻi e nā hui pū ʻana o nā ʻano a me nā mānoanoa. No laila, hui pū ʻia nā wehewehe koʻikoʻi me ka ʻili honua, ka seismic, a i ʻole ka ʻikepili luawai.
Nā Hana Magnetic: Nā Hana Hana i loko o nā Pōhaku Magnetized
Hoʻohālikelike nā ʻano hana makeneka i nā ʻano like ʻole o ke kahua makeneka ma muli o ke alo o nā minelala makeneka (e.g., magnetite). Hiki i nā ʻano tectonic e like me nā hewa ke hoʻoneʻe i nā ʻāpana pōhaku me nā waiwai makeneka ʻokoʻa, e hana ana i nā anomalies lineament lōʻihi. Ma nā wahi lua pele a i ʻole nā wahi papa honua crystalline, he mea kūpono loa nā kahua makeneka no ka hahai ʻana i nā palena lithological a me ke kaha kiʻi ʻana i nā komo ʻana e pili pinepine ana me nā wahi tectonic.
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka loiloi derivative, ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka pou (RTP), a me ka palapala ʻāina gradient horizontal e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā hōʻailona palena a me nā hewa. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo nā waihona sedimentary nele i nā minelala magnetic e hana pinepine i nā pane nāwaliwali, e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia mau ʻano hana ma nā wahi me ka pōhaku magnetic.
Nā Hana Geoelectric a me Electromagnetic: Hopu ʻana i nā Wai a me nā ʻĀpana Shatter
Hoʻohana pinepine nā hewa a me nā wahi haki i mau ala no ke kahe ʻana o ka wai—ka wai honua, nā pūnāwai wela, a me nā puka makani hydrothermal. No ka mea, he mea nui ka hopena o nā wai i ka resistivity, he mea pono loa nā ʻano hana geoelectrical/EM.
1) Ke kū'ē ʻana (ERT)
Hoʻohālikelike ka Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) i ke kū'ē ʻana o 2D/3D ma nā unahi pāpaʻu. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā wahi hewa ma ke ʻano he mau alaloa haʻahaʻa-resistivity (inā piha i nā wai alakaʻi) a i ʻole nā alaloa kiʻekiʻe-resistivity (inā piha i ka ea/quartz maloʻo), ma muli o nā kūlana kūloko. He kūpono ka ERT no ke kaha kiʻi ʻana i nā hewa pāpaʻu, nā ala seepage, a me ka pilina o nā hale i nā aquifers a i ʻole nā hōʻike geothermal.
2) Magnetotelluric (MT)
Hoʻohana ʻo MT i nā ʻokoʻa kūlohelohe i ke kahua electromagnetic o ka Honua e palapala i ka resistivity i lalo i ka hohonu o ka ʻili a hiki i ka mantle luna. He ikaika ʻo MT no ka ʻike ʻana i nā wahi alakaʻi e pili ana i ka wai, nā lepo i hoʻololi ʻia e ka hydrothermally, a i ʻole nā wahi hoʻoheheʻe hapa. I nā haʻawina tectonic, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo MT e hahai i nā wahi subduction, nā hewa nui (e.g., nā wahi shear), a me nā ala wai e kaohi ana i ka seismicity.
GNSS, InSAR, a me Geodesy: Ke Ana ʻana i ka Hoʻololi Hana
ʻOiai ʻo nā ʻano hana i luna aʻe "ʻike" i nā ʻano hana, ʻike ka geodesy i ko lākou neʻe ʻana. Ana ʻo GNSS (geodetic GPS) i ka neʻe ʻana o nā kiko o ka ʻili me ka pololei o ka millimeter a i kenimika, ʻoiai ʻo InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) e hoʻolālā ana i ka hoʻololi nui ʻana o ka ʻili mai nā kiʻi ukali. He mea koʻikoʻi nā mea ʻelua no ka ʻike ʻana i nā hewa hana, nā helu paheʻe, ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ke koʻikoʻi, a me ka hoʻololi ʻana ma hope o ka ʻōlaʻi.
Me InSAR, hiki ke wehewehe ʻia nā ʻano neʻe ʻana o ka ʻāina a puni nā hewa a i ʻole nā lua pele ma ke ʻano he kumu o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻili honua. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka geodesy me ka seismology e hāʻawi i kahi kiʻi piha o ke kaʻapuni o ka ōlaʻi: ka laka ʻana, ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana.
Kaʻina Hana Hoʻohui a me ka Wehewehe ʻana
Hoʻokō ʻia ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻano tectonic paʻa loa ma o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā ʻano hana he nui. ʻO ke kahe maʻamau e pili ana i:
1. Hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o ka ʻikepili geological: nā palapala ʻāina lithology, ʻikepili hewa, stratigraphy, a me geomorphology.
2. Loaʻa ʻana o ka geophysical ma ka pahuhopu: seismic no ke geometry kikoʻī, umekaumaha/magnetic no ka ʻāpana, ERT/MT no nā wai a me nā wahi nāwaliwali.
3. Ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana: ke kānana ʻana, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke ʻano o ka ʻāina, ka hoʻohuli ʻana, ka neʻe ʻana o ka seismic, a hiki i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ʻano ʻē o ka ʻāina a me ke koena.
4. Ka wehewehe ʻana i ke kumu hoʻohālike i alakaʻi ʻia: ka ʻike ʻana i nā discontinuities, gradients, a me nā ʻano reflector; ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana kea 2D/3D; ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona.
5. Hōʻoia: hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā ʻōpae, ʻikepili luawai, nā papa inoa o nā ōlaʻi, a i ʻole nā ana geodetic.
6. Hoʻohālike hope loa: nā kumu hoʻohālike manaʻo a me ka helu e pili ana i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana, ka hohonu, a me ka hana.
Nā Pilikia a me ke Kānalua ʻole
Loaʻa mau ka maopopo ʻole i ka wehewehe ʻana o ka geophysical ma muli o ke ʻano kū hoʻokahi ʻole o ka inversion: hiki i nā hiʻohiʻona he nui ke wehewehe i ka ʻikepili like. ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka walaʻau, ka uhi palena o ke ala, ka ʻokoʻa o ka pōhaku, a me nā hopena topographic. No laila, he mea nui e hōʻike i kahi ākea o nā hopena (ma mua o hoʻokahi helu), e hoʻohana i nā palena geological, a hana i nā loiloi ʻike.
Pani
Hāʻawi ʻo Geophysics i kahi hoʻonohonoho ikaika o nā ʻano hana no ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻano tectonic, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea huna a me nā mea e neʻe ikaika ana. Hoʻolālā ka Seismic i ke geometry o nā papa a me nā hewa ma ka hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe; hōʻike ka umekaumaha a me nā magnetics i ka density a me nā ʻokoʻa magnetic ma nā unahi ʻāpana; hōʻike nā hana uila/EM i nā ʻāpana wai a me nā nāwaliwali pōhaku; a nānā ka geodesy i ka deformation maoli i ka wā e hana ʻia ai. Hoʻohui pono ʻia, ʻaʻole wale kēia mau ʻano hana e kōkua i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o ka tectonic akā kākoʻo pū kekahi i ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka pōʻino o ka ōlaʻi, ka hoʻokele wai honua, a me ka ʻimi ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai palekana a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.
Inā makemake ʻoe, hiki iaʻu ke hoʻololi i kēia ʻatikala i ke ʻano o Indonesia (e like me ka Java–Sumatra subduction zone, Sumatra Fault, Palu-Koro) a i ʻole e hoʻololi i ke ʻano kākau i kahi ʻano puke pai ʻepekema me nā kuhikuhi.
