Nā ʻAno Anamanaʻo Geophysical i ka ʻEli ʻana i ka Luawai Wai
ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai maʻemaʻe kahi mea nui e pono ai no nā hale, ka mahiʻai, nā ʻoihana, a me nā pono lehulehu. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka loaʻa ʻana o nā aquifers huahua, ʻoiai ma nā wahi me nā kūlana geological paʻakikī a i ʻole kahi i kaupalena ʻia ai nā kumuwaiwai wai o luna. ʻO ka ʻeli ʻana i nā lua wai me ka ʻole o ka ʻike ma lalo o ka ʻilikai he mea pilikia pinepine ia: nā kahe haʻahaʻa, ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka wai, a i ʻole ka hohonu o ka ʻeli ʻana, hiki ke hoʻonui i nā kumukūʻai. No laila, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā ʻano ana geophysical ma ke ʻano he kahua noiʻi mua e palapala ʻole i nā kūlana o lalo o ka ʻilikai, e kuhi i ka hohonu o ka aquifer, a e hōʻemi i ka maopopo ʻole ma mua o ka ʻeli ʻana.
Ke kuleana o nā ana geophysical i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā aquifer
Hana nā ana ʻana geophysical ma ke ana ʻana i ka pane kino o ka Honua—e like me ke kū'ē uila, ka wikiwiki o ka nalu seismic , a i ʻole nā ʻano like ʻole o ke kahua electromagnetic—e pili ana i ke ʻano pōhaku, ka nui o ka wai, ka nui o ka haki, a me kekahi manawa ka paʻakai. I loko o ke ʻano o nā lua wai, ʻo nā pahuhopu mua he mau wahi porous a haki paha, piha i ka wai, a loaʻa ka hiki ke hoʻokuʻu. ʻAʻole pani nā hopena ana ʻana geophysical i ka ʻeli ʻana, akā kōkua lākou i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā wahi kiko ʻeli, nā hohonu o ka pale i manaʻo ʻia, a me nā hoʻolālā kūkulu lua.
I ka hana maoli, hoʻohui pinepine ʻia nā ana geophysical me ka ʻike geological o ka ʻili, nā palapala ʻāina geological ʻāina, ka ʻikepili luawai a puni, a me ka ʻike hydrogeological kūloko. He mea nui kēia hoʻohui ʻana no ka mea hiki ke kānalua nā pane geophysical: hiki i nā waiwai like ke hōʻike i nā mea like ʻole inā ʻaʻole maopopo nā kūlana o ke kaiapuni.
ʻAno hana pale geoelectric
ʻO ke ʻano hana kaulana loa no ka ʻimi ʻana i ka wai honua, ʻo ia ka resistivity geoelectric. ʻO ke kumumanaʻo, ua hoʻokomo ʻia kahi au uila i loko o ka lepo ma o kahi electrode au, a laila ana ʻia ka ʻokoʻa potential ma o kahi electrode potential. Mai kēia ana ʻana, ua helu ʻia ka resistivity apparent, a laila ua unuhi ʻia i loko o kahi kumu hoʻohālike resistivity subsurface.
Ma ke ʻano hydrogeological, pili pinepine ka resistivity me:
– ʻO ka haku mele ʻana o nā mea: ʻo ka pālolo he haʻahaʻa ke kū'ē ʻana; ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kū'ē ʻana o ke one-ʻiliʻili.
– Ka nui o ka wai a me ka porosity: ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka lawe ʻana o nā wahi i piha i ka wai ma mua o nā wahi maloʻo.
– Ka maikaʻi o ka wai: hoʻemi ikaika ka wai paʻakai a wai ʻawaʻawa paha i ke kū'ē ʻana.
ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana a me ke ʻano o ka anamanaʻo resistivity
1. VES (Kani Uila Kū)
ʻO ka pahuhopu o VES ke nānā i nā loli o ka resistivity me ka hohonu ma kekahi mau wahi. ʻO nā hoʻonohonoho maʻamau e komo pū me Schlumberger a i ʻole Wenner. He kūpono kēia ʻano hana no ka helu ʻana i ka hohonu. papa wai, ka mānoanoa o ka papa uhi (aquitard), a me ka hohonu o ka pōhaku moe.
2. ERT (Tomography Resistivity Uila)
Hoʻohana ʻo ERT i nā electrodes he nui ma ke ala e hana i nā kiʻi 2D a i ʻole 3D. ʻO kona pono ka hiki ke palapala i nā ʻokoʻa ʻaoʻao: no ka laʻana, nā kahawai one kahiko, nā ʻāpana haki, a i ʻole nā aniani lepo e keakea ana i ke kahe. No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i kahi wili, ʻoi aku ka ʻike o ERT ma mua o VES no ka mea hāʻawi ia i ka pōʻaiapili ʻaoʻao.
Nā Pono a me nā Palena
Nā pōmaikaʻi o ka resistivity: ʻano hoʻokele waiwai, loaʻa nā lako i nā wahi āpau, a ua maʻalahi kona wehewehe ʻana no nā pono wai honua. Kona mau palena: hiki i ka lepo ke hoʻohālike i ka pane o kahi ʻāpana saturated (resistivity haʻahaʻa like), a ua hoʻopilikia ʻia nā hopena e nā kūlana o ka ʻili (nā kaula, nā pā, ka lepo pōhaku, a i ʻole ke komo ʻana o ka uila).
Nā ʻano hana electromagnetic (EM)
Ke ana nei ke ʻano EM i ka pane conductivity subsurface ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kahua electromagnetic. Ma ke anamanaʻo wai honuaHoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo EM no:
– Ke ʻike ʻana i nā wahi alakaʻi ma muli o ka lepo a i ʻole ka wai ʻawaʻawa/paʻakai.
– Ke kaha palapala ʻana i ke komo ʻana o ka wai kai ma nā wahi kahakai.
– Ka palapala ʻāina wikiwiki o nā wahi nui e hoʻoholo ai i nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi ma mua o ka ERT/VES kikoʻī.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻano hana EM e komo pū me FDEM (Frequency Domain Electromagnetics) a me TDEM (Time Domain Electromagnetics). Ma ke ʻano laulā, hiki iā TDEM ke hōʻea i nā hohonu ʻoi aku ma mua o FDEM, e kūpono ai no nā aquifers hohonu a i ʻole ke kaha kiʻi ʻana i nā papa conductive mamao aku mai ka ʻili.
ʻO nā pono o EM ka loaʻa wikiwiki ʻana o ka ʻikepili a me ka nele o ka hoʻopili pololei ʻana me ka honua (ʻaʻole e like me nā ʻano hana geoelectrical, e pono ai nā electrodes). Eia nō naʻe, he maʻalahi ka EM i nā haunaele moʻomeheu (nā laina uila, nā pā hao, nā paipu, nā hale), no laila he mea koʻikoʻi ke koho ʻana i kahi kūpono o ke ala.
Nā ʻano hana ōlaʻi (refraction a me MASW)
Hoʻohana nā ʻano ōlaʻi i nā nalu elastic e pālahalaha ana ma ka honua. ʻElua mau ʻano hana i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia:
– ʻO ka refraction seismic: palapala i nā palena o ka papa ma muli o nā loli o ka wikiwiki o ka nalu. He mea pono no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hohonu o ka pōhaku moe, ka mānoanoa o ka lepo i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka wā, a me ke ʻano o ka papa paʻakikī.
– MASW (Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves): kuhi i ka ʻikepili wikiwiki o ka nalu shear (Vs) e pili ana i ka ʻoʻoleʻa o ka lepo/pōhaku.
I loko o ke ʻano o nā lua wai, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka seismic ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui, ʻoi aku hoʻi e hoʻoholo i ka hohonu o ka pōhaku moe a i ʻole nā wahi pōhaku i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e hiki ke hana i ka palena haʻahaʻa o kahi aquifer. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻike pololei ka seismic i ka wai; ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā loli i ka lithology a me ka compactness. Hiki i nā aquifers one i hoʻopiha ʻia i ka wai a me nā aquifers one maloʻo ke loaʻa nā wikiwiki i ʻole e ʻokoʻa mau, e pono ai ka hoʻohui ʻana me ka resistivity a i ʻole ka ʻikepili wili.
Ke ʻano hana GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar)
Hoʻohana ʻo GPR i nā nalu radar alapine kiʻekiʻe e palapala i nā hale pāpaʻu. He mea maikaʻi loa kēia ʻano hana no:
– E kuhikuhi i nā papa pāpaʻu, nā ʻano sedimentary, a me nā mea i kanu ʻia.
– Ke palapala ʻāina ʻana i ka hohonu o ka wai honua pāpaʻu ma lalo o nā kūlana kūpono.
Eia nō naʻe, he mau palena nui ko GPR: ua emi nui ka komo ʻana o ka nalu i loko o ka lepo a i ʻole nā mea alakaʻi a ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana pulu. No laila, ʻoi aku ka kūpono o GPR no nā wahi one maloʻo a semi-saturated a no nā noiʻi hohonu pāpaʻu (maʻamau he mau mika a he ʻumi mika, ma muli o nā kūlana).
Ke kālai ʻana i ka ʻili honua i loko o nā lua wai
Ma waho aʻe o nā ana ʻilikai, hana ʻia ka hana geophysical ma hope o ka ʻeli ʻana o ka lua wai, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka logging well. Kōkua ka logging i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā manawa nānā, loiloi i ka lithology, a ʻike i nā wahi huahua. ʻO kekahi mau kaʻina hana logging maʻamau no nā lua wai:
- Ka log Resistivity: hoʻokaʻawale i nā papa conductive a me nā papa resistive, hōʻike o ka lithology a me ka maikaʻi o ka wai.
– SP (Mana Ponoʻī): kōkua i ka ʻike ʻana i nā papa permeable.
– Kukui Gamma: ʻike i ka nui o ka lepo (ʻoi aku ka nui o ka gamma o ka lepo).
- Log Caliper: e ana i ke anawaena o ka lua, e ʻike i nā wahi hiolo a i ʻole ka hoʻonui ʻana.
– Ka moʻolelo mahana a me ke alakaʻi: hōʻike i ke kahe ʻana o ka wai a me nā loli i ka maikaʻi o ka wai.
He mea pono loa ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana no ka mea hāʻawi ia i ka ʻikepili hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe pololei i loko o ka lua wai, i hiki ai ke hoʻēmi i ka maopopo ʻole i ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ana ʻana o ka ʻilikai.
Kaʻina hana noiʻi no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā wahi wili
Ma kahi papahana ʻeli lua wai, ʻo ke kaʻina hana maʻamau:
1. Haʻawina mua: hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā palapala ʻāina honua, ke ʻano o ka ʻāina, ka hoʻohana ʻāina, ka ʻikepili luawai e kū nei, a me ka ʻike e pili ana i nā koi hoʻokuʻu.
2. Nānā ʻana: ana ʻana ma ke kahua e ʻike i ke ʻano honua, nā hōʻailona o nā haki, nā pūnāwai, a i ʻole nā waihona alluvial.
3. Anamanaʻo geophysical ʻāpana wikiwiki (koho): EM a i ʻole resistivity maʻalahi no ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻāpana ākea.
4. Anamanaʻo kikoʻī: 2D/3D ERT a i ʻole VES ma nā wahi i koho ʻia, a me ka seismic inā pono no ka pōhaku kumu.
5. Wehewehena i hoʻohui ʻia: hoʻoholo ʻana i nā pahuhopu aquifer—hohonu, mānoanoa, a me ke kūlana.
6. Ke hoʻoholo nei i ke kiko wili: e noʻonoʻo ana i ke komo ʻana i ka mea hana wili, ka mamao mai ke kumu haumia, a me ka ʻāpana i pale ʻia.
7. ʻEli ʻana a me ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana: hōʻoia o nā hiʻohiʻona geophysical a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻolālā luawai.
8. Hoʻāʻo pamu: e hōʻoia ana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, ka huki ʻana, a me nā palena aquifer (transmissivity, storativity).
9. Ka nānā ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka wai: kino-kemika-microbiological e hōʻoia i ke kūpono no ka hoʻohana ʻana.
Nā mea nui i ka wehewehe ʻana no nā lua wai
ʻEia kekahi mau mea e pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia i mea e kūpono ai nā hopena geophysical no ka ʻeli ʻana:
– E hoʻokaʻawale ma waena o ka lepo a me nā aquifers saturated: ʻo ka waiwai resistivity haʻahaʻa ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo mau he "nui ka wai"; hiki paha i ka lepo ke permeable.
– E makaʻala i ka paʻakai: e hōʻemi ka wai paʻakai/wai ʻawaʻawa i ke kū'ē ʻana, no laila hiki ke "nani ke nānā aku" ʻoiai ʻaʻole maikaʻi ke ʻano.
– Nā kūlana ʻāina kūloko: he ʻokoʻa nā ʻano o nā aquifers haki i loko o ka pōhaku paʻakikī mai nā aquifers porous i loko o nā sediments alluvial.
– Ka hōʻoia ʻana me ka ʻikepili maoli: he mea kōkua nui nā luawai kokoke, nā puʻu, a i ʻole ka ʻikepili wili i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka maopopo ʻole.
Ka hopena
He mau mea hana koʻikoʻi nā ʻano ana ʻāina geophysical no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka holomua o ka ʻeli ʻana i ka lua wai. ʻO ke kū'ē ʻana o Geoelectric (VES a me ERT) ke koho mua ma muli o ko lākou pono i ke kaha kiʻi ʻana i nā ʻano papa like ʻole a me ka hōʻike ʻana i ka saturation o ka wai, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā ʻano EM no ka wikiwiki o ke kaha kiʻi ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā wahi alakaʻi e pili ana i ka lepo a i ʻole ka paʻakai. Hana ka Seismic, GPR, a me ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana i ka lua ma ke ʻano he mau mea hana hoʻohui, e wehewehe ana i ka hohonu o ka pōhaku moe a me nā ʻano pāpaʻu, a e hōʻoia ana i nā wahi huahua i loko o ka lua wai. Me ka hoʻolālā kūpono no ka loaʻa ʻana a me ka wehewehe ʻana i ka ʻikepili geological a me hydrogeological, hiki i nā ana ʻāina geophysical ke hōʻemi i ka pilikia o ka hāʻule ʻana, hoʻomaikaʻi i nā kumukūʻai ʻeli ʻana, a hana i nā lua wai huahua a hoʻomau.
