Ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻikepili ukali ma nā ʻano hana Geophysical
ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻenehana ʻike mamao ua hoʻolilo i ka ʻikepili ukali i kekahi o nā kumu ʻike koʻikoʻi loa i nā haʻawina honua like ʻole. I ka geophysics—ka ʻepekema e aʻo ana i nā waiwai kino o ka Honua a me nā kaʻina hana e hana ana i loko—ua wehe ka ʻikepili ukali i nā ala hou e nānā ai i nā hanana ma kahi pae ʻāina a i ka honua me ka uhi ākea, ka periodicity, a me ka pono kūpono. ʻOiai ua hilinaʻi nui ka noiʻi geophysical i nā ana ʻāina e hoʻopau ana i ka manawa a me ke kumukūʻai nui, hiki i ka ʻikepili ukali ke lawelawe i kēia manawa ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopihapiha a he alakaʻi mua hoʻi i ka hoʻolālā ana. Kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala pehea e hoʻohana ʻia ai ka ʻikepili ukali i nā ʻano geophysical, nā ʻano ʻikepili i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia, a me nā hiʻohiʻona o kāna noi ʻana i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai a me ka hoʻēmi ʻana i nā pōʻino.
Ke Kuleana o ka ʻIkepili Satellite ma Geophysics
Ma keʻano laulā, ʻo ka pahuhopu o nā ʻano hana geophysical ke kaha palapala ʻāina i nā palena kino e like me nā kahua umekaumaha, nā kahua magnetic, nā waiwai uila, a me ke ʻano o ka ʻili. ʻAe ka ʻikepili ukali i ke ana pololei a pololei ʻole o kēia mau palena no ka mea ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā mea ʻike ukali e hopu i nā hōʻailona electromagnetic, nā loli i ke kūlana o ka ʻili, a i ʻole nā ʻano like ʻole o nā kahua magnetic.
ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi nui o ka ʻikepili ukali ʻo ia kona uhi ākea a me nā hiki ke nānā hou i ka manawa. He mea pono loa kēia no ke aʻo ʻana i nā dinamika o ka Honua e like me ka neʻe ʻana o ka papa tectonic, nā loli i nā pae wai honua, ka emi ʻana o ka ʻāina, a me nā loli i ka nui o ka hau polar. No laila, ʻaʻole lawelawe nā satelite ma ke ʻano he "kāmela" o ka Honua akā he mau mea ana geophysical hoʻi i hiki ke hopu i nā anomalies a me nā ʻano lōʻihi.
Nā ʻano ʻikepili ukali e pili ana i ka Geophysics
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻikepili ukali i ka geophysics e komo pū me nā ʻano sensor like ʻole, kēlā me kēia me nā hana like ʻole a me nā hoʻopuka ʻikepili.
1. Nā Kiʻi Optical Multispectral a me Hyperspectral
Hoʻopaʻa nā mea ʻike optical e like me Landsat, Sentinel-2, a me WorldView i ka lā i hōʻike ʻia mai ka ʻili o ka Honua ma nā ʻano spectral he nui. I ka geophysics, hoʻohana ʻia nā kiʻi multispectral no ka wehewehe geomorphological, ka palapala ʻāina lithology o ka ʻili, ka ʻike ʻana i ka hoʻololi hydrothermal, a me ka palapala ʻāina geological e like me nā hewa a me nā pelu ma o ka nānā ʻana i ka lineament. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻonā spectral o ka ʻikepili Hyperspectral, e hiki ai iā ia ke ʻike i nā mineral kikoʻī e pili ana i kā lākou mau ʻano spectral.
2. Radar Aperture Synthetic (SAR)
He sensor hana ʻo SAR e hoʻopuka ana i nā microwaves a hoʻopaʻa i kā lākou mau ʻōlinolino. ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi o SAR ʻo kona hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i ka ʻikepili i ke ao a me ka pō a komo i loko o nā ao, e kūpono ai no nā wahi tropical. I ka geophysics, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo SAR no ka nānā ʻana i ka topographic, ka ʻike ʻana i ke ʻano geological, ka palapala ʻana i nā loli o ka ʻili ma muli o nā ʻāina heʻe, nā pele, a i ʻole nā kahekahe, a me ke ʻano InSAR (Interferometric SAR), hiki ke ʻike i ka deformation o ka ʻili ma kahi millimeter a kenimika.
3. Ka Altimetry Satellite
Ana nā altimeters ukali i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻilikai a i ʻole ka ʻāina me ka pololei loa. Hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻikepili altimetry i ka geophysics kai e palapala ʻokoʻa i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka geoid, nā au moana, a me nā ʻano ʻāina o ka papahele kai. He mea nui ka palapala ʻāina bathymetric e pili ana i ka altimetry no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano tectonic o ka papahele moana e pili ana me nā kualono waena o ke kai, nā ʻauwaha, a me nā wahi subduction.
4. Satellite Umekaumaha
ʻO nā mikiona e like me GRACE a me GOCE ke ana i nā ʻokoʻa o ke kahua umekaumaha o ka Honua. Pili kēia mau ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka nuipa i loko o ka Honua a me nā loli o ka nuipa ma ka ʻili, e like me nā loli i nā waihona wai honua, ka hau heheʻe, a i ʻole nā loli o ka nuipa ma muli o nā ōlaʻi nui. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻikepili umekaumaha ukali no nā haʻawina geodynamic, hydrology, a me ka nānā ʻana i nā loli nuipa ʻāpana.
5. ʻIkepili Magnetika Ukali
Ana nā satelite magnetic i nā ʻokoʻa o ke kahua magnetic o ka Honua e puka mai ana mai ka ʻōpū o ka Honua, ka ʻili honua, a me ka ionosphere. He mea pono kēia ʻikepili i ke kaha kiʻi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka ʻili honua, ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻāpana anomaly magnetic e pili ana me nā pōhaku igneous, a me ke aʻo ʻana i nā tectonics ʻāpana. Ua lōʻihi nā anomali magnetic i mau hōʻailona koʻikoʻi i ka ʻimi ʻana i kekahi mau minelala, ʻoiai nā mea e pili ana me ka mineralization i nā pōhaku mafic a me ultramafic.
Hoʻohui ʻana o ka ʻIkepili Satellite me nā ʻAno Geophysical Kuʻuna
ʻOiai he ikaika ka ʻikepili ukali, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kona hoʻohana ʻana i ka wā e hoʻohui ʻia me nā ʻano hana geophysical maʻamau e like me ka seismic, geoelectric, ground magnetic, a i ʻole ka ground gravity. Hiki i ka ʻikepili ukali ke kōkua i nā pae mua o ka ʻimi ʻana ma o:
1. E hoʻoholo i ka ʻāpana nānā e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka ʻili a me ka hoʻololi ʻana.
2. E ʻike i nā wahi paʻakikī ke hiki aku i mea e ʻoi aku ai ka nānā ʻana i nā ana kula.
3. E hāʻawi i ka pōʻaiapili ʻāpana no ka wehewehe ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano geophysical kūloko.
Eia kekahi laʻana, hiki i ka wehewehe ʻana o ka linearment mai nā kiʻi optical a i ʻole SAR ke alakaʻi i nā ana magnetic honua e hoʻoholo i nā ʻano hewa nui. Pēlā nō, hiki i ka ʻikepili InSAR e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano deformation ke alakaʻi i ke kau ʻana o nā kikowaena GPS a i ʻole ke koho ʻana i nā trajectories ana seismic no nā haʻawina tectonic.
Ka Hoʻohana Maoli i ka ʻImi ʻAna a me ka Pōʻino
Ka ʻImi ʻana i nā Minerala a me nā Geothermal
I ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mineral, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā kiʻi multispectral/hyperspectral e ʻike i ka hoʻololi hydrothermal, e hōʻike ana i nā ʻōnaehana mineralization. Hōʻike pinepine nā mineral clay, nā iron oxides, a me ka silica i nā hōʻailona spectral ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka ʻikepili magnetic a me ka umekaumaha ukali, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, kōkua i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano tectonic ʻāpana e kaohi ana i nā ala o ka magma intrusion a me ka mineralization.
No ka ikehu geothermal, lawelawe nā ʻano hewa a me nā haki ma ke ʻano he mau ala nui no ke kaʻapuni ʻana o ka wai wela. Hiki i ka SAR a me nā kiʻi optical ke palapala i ke kūlike o ka lua pele a me ke ʻano, ʻoiai hiki iā InSAR ke nānā i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana a i ʻole ka deflation o nā kino magma, ʻo ia nā hōʻailona o ka hana ʻōnaehana geothermal. Loaʻa i ka ʻikepili umekaumaha ka hiki ke kōkua i ka ʻike ʻana i nā loli nui i ka nui o ka wai, ʻoiai ʻo kona wehewehe ʻana e pono ai ke akahele.
Ka Hoʻēmi ʻana i nā Pōʻino Geological
He mea koʻikoʻi loa ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻikepili ukali i ka nānā ʻana i nā pōʻino. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo InSAR e ana i ka deformation ma mua a ma hope o nā ōlaʻi, e palapala i nā neʻe hewa, a e nānā i nā neʻe ʻana o ka lua pele. I ke ʻano o ka emi ʻana o ka ʻāina ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai honua, hiki iā InSAR ke hāʻawi i nā palapala kikoʻī o nā helu emi ʻana, e hiki ai i nā aupuni ke hoʻolālā i ka hoʻokele wai a me nā kulekele hoʻolālā spatial.
Hiki ke nānā ʻia nā ʻāina heʻe ma o nā loli uhi ʻāina, nā gradients pali e pili ana i ke kumu hoʻohālikelike kikohoʻe (DEM), a me ka ʻike lohi ʻana i ka deformation. Ma nā wahi kahakai, kōkua ka altimetry a me nā kiʻi optical i ka nānā ʻana i nā loli kahakai a me nā dinamika moana e pili ana i ka pilikia o ka abrasion a i ʻole nā tsunami.
Nā Pilikia a me nā Palena
ʻOiai kona mau pono, he mau palena ko ka ʻikepili ukali. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo ka wehewehe ʻana o ka ʻikepili ukali he pinepine ʻole ia, e koi ana i nā kumu hoʻohālike a me nā kuhi. ʻO ka lua, ʻokoʻa nā hoʻonā spatial a me ka manawa ma waena o nā ukali; ʻaʻole hiki ke hopu maikaʻi ʻia nā hanana āpau. ʻO ke kolu, ʻo nā haunaele o ka lewa, nā mea kanu mānoanoa, a i ʻole nā loli i ka makū o ka lepo hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka maikaʻi o kekahi ʻikepili, ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā mea ʻike optical a me kekahi mau noi radar. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā kumu ʻikepili he nui e pono ai nā hiki ke hana a me ka nānā ʻana, ma ke ʻano o ka polokalamu a me ke akamai o nā kumuwaiwai kanaka.
Ka hopena
Ua hoʻonui nui ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻikepili ukali i nā ʻano hana geophysical i ka laulā o ka nānā ʻana i ka Honua. Mai nā kiʻi optical no ka palapala ʻāina geological o luna, SAR a me InSAR no ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻili a me ka dynamics, a hiki i ka umekaumaha a me nā ukali magnetic no ke aʻo ʻana i ke ʻano a me ka hoʻolaha nui ʻana, hāʻawi nui lākou a pau i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai a me ka hoʻēmi ʻana i nā pōʻino. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o ka ʻikepili ukali kiʻekiʻe-hoʻonā, ka naʻauao hana no ka wehewehe ʻana, a me ka hoʻohui ʻana me nā ana ʻāina e hoʻoikaika hou aku i ke kuleana o ka ʻike mamao ma ke ʻano he iwi kuamoʻo o ka loiloi geophysical hou. Me ka hoʻolālā hoʻohana kūpono, ʻaʻole wale ka ʻikepili ukali e kōkua i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka Honua akā kākoʻo pū i ka hoʻoholo wikiwiki a pololei no ka palekana a me ka hoʻomau.
