Mai taken: Ka'idar Schumpeter: Binciken kirkire-kirkire da kuma yanayin tattalin arziki
Pendahuluan
Ka'idar Schumpeter, wadda ta fito daga aikin masanin tattalin arziki Joseph Schumpeter, tana ba da cikakken haske game da yadda kirkire-kirkire ke tafiyar da yanayin jari-hujja. An haife shi a Moravia, wanda yanzu yake cikin Jamhuriyar Czech, a shekara ta 1883, Schumpeter ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana tattalin arziki na ƙarni na 20. Ɗaya daga cikin gudummawar da ya bayar mafi tasiri ita ce tunaninsa kan rawar da 'yan kasuwa da kirkire-kirkire ke takawa wajen haɓaka tattalin arzikin jari-hujja. Wannan labarin zai binciki fannoni daban-daban na ka'idar Schumpeter, musamman ra'ayinsa na 'lalata ƙirƙira' da kuma rawar da 'yan kasuwa ke takawa a matsayin wakilan sauyin tattalin arziki.
Gabatarwa ga Ka'idar Schumpeter
Schumpeter ya ɗauki tsarin jari-hujja a matsayin tsarin da ke canzawa koyaushe, wanda ke haifar da sabbin dabaru da sabbin fasahohi. Ba kamar masana tattalin arziki da yawa na zamaninsa ba, waɗanda suka kalli tattalin arziki ta fuskar daidaito, Schumpeter ya yi jayayya cewa tattalin arzikin ba ya taɓa tabbata da gaske. Madadin haka, ya gabatar da shawarar cewa tattalin arzikin koyaushe yana cikin tsarin juyin halitta saboda rashin zaman lafiya da kirkire-kirkire ke haifarwa.
A cewar Schumpeter, kirkire-kirkire yana zuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban: sabbin kayayyaki, sabbin hanyoyin samarwa, sabbin kasuwanni, da sabbin hanyoyin kungiya. Waɗannan sabbin abubuwa suna faruwa ne ta hanyar 'yan kasuwa waɗanda ke ɗaukar haɗari kuma suna gabatar da ra'ayoyi waɗanda ke canza yadda ake samar da kayayyaki ko tallata ayyuka.
Lalacewar Ƙirƙira
Manufar 'lalata ƙirƙira' ita ce ginshiƙin ka'idar Schumpeter kuma tana nufin tsarin da sabbin kirkire-kirkire ke lalata masana'antu ko kamfanoni da ke akwai, wanda ke share fagen ci gaban tattalin arziki. Duk da cewa wannan tsari na iya zama mai raɗaɗi, tare da asarar ayyukan yi da saka hannun jari da ake da su, Schumpeter ya yi imanin cewa muhimmin abu ne na ci gaban tattalin arziki na dogon lokaci.
Rushewar kere-kere ya bayyana yadda sabbin fasahohi da kirkire-kirkire ke sanya tsoffin na'urori su tsufa. Misali, zuwan mota ya maye gurbin karusar dawaki, kuma kwanan nan, zuwan intanet ya sauya masana'antar kafofin watsa labarai da dillalai. Duk da cewa wannan yana nufin asarar aiki a wasu fannoni, ya kuma bude sabbin damarmaki da masana'antu.
Matsayin 'Yan Kasuwa
Schumpeter ya sanya 'yan kasuwa a tsakiyar tsarin kirkire-kirkire. A ganinsa, 'yan kasuwa wakilai ne na canji waɗanda ke gano da kuma amfani da damammaki don ƙirƙirar sabbin ƙima. Su mutane ne waɗanda suka wuce iyakokin gargajiya don ƙirƙirar kayayyaki da ayyuka waɗanda ba a taɓa samun su ba a da.
A cewar Schumpeter, 'yan kasuwa ba wai kawai masu kirkire-kirkire ne na fasaha ba, har ma da masu kula da haɗari da kuma shugabanni masu ƙarfafa gwiwa. Suna iya ganin abin da ya wuce matsayin da ake ciki da kuma hango wata makoma daban. Ta hanyar amfani da waɗannan ƙwarewar, suna wargaza kasuwannin da ake da su kuma suna ƙirƙirar sabbin hanyoyin ciniki da saka hannun jari.
Tsarin Zagaye na Kasuwanci
Ayyukan Schumpeter sun kuma bayar da wani ra'ayi na musamman game da zagayowar kasuwanci. Ya yi jayayya cewa kirkire-kirkire kan zo ta hanyoyi daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da zagayowar faɗaɗa tattalin arziki da raguwar sa. Lokacin da aka gabatar da manyan kirkire-kirkire, suna haifar da lokutan ci gaban tattalin arziki mai ƙarfi. Duk da haka, yayin da waɗannan kirkire-kirkire suka bazu suka fara mamaye ƙarin iko ko kuma fuskantar gasa, ci gaban yana raguwa, wanda a ƙarshe ke haifar da koma bayan tattalin arziki.
Wannan zagayen, duk da cewa yana kama da abin da zai iya kawo cikas, a zahiri hanya ce da tattalin arziki zai sabunta kansa da kuma ci gaba da ci gaban tattalin arziki na dogon lokaci. A ra'ayin Schumpeter, koma bayan tattalin arziki ya zama dole don sauya albarkatu daga raguwar masana'antu zuwa sabbin, masu saurin canzawa da kuma samar da kayayyaki.
Suka da Muhimmancin Ka'idar Schumpeter
Kamar kowace babbar ka'idar tattalin arziki, tunanin Schumpeter ya fuskanci suka. Wasu masu suka suna jayayya cewa ra'ayin Schumpeter game da lalata kirkire-kirkire yana yin watsi da tasirin zamantakewa na saurin canjin tattalin arziki, gami da rashin aikin yi da yaduwar rashin daidaito. Bugu da ƙari, fifita 'yan kasuwa a matsayin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da kirkire-kirkire wani lokaci ana ganinsa a matsayin sakaci ga rawar da ke takawa wajen haɓaka sabbin abubuwa da haɗin gwiwa.
Duk da haka, ka'idodin Schumpeter game da kirkire-kirkire da lalata ƙirƙira suna da mahimmanci a yau. A cikin duniyar kasuwanci da fasaha mai sauri, ana iya ganin lalata ƙirƙira a cikin masana'antu daban-daban. Misali bayyananne shine masana'antar fasahar bayanai, inda manyan kamfanoni za a iya maye gurbinsu da sabbin masu ƙirƙira cikin sauri. Hakazalika, a cikin masana'antar makamashi, inda sabbin abubuwa a cikin makamashi mai sabuntawa ke canza yanayin makamashi na duniya.
Kammalawa
Ka'idar Schumpeter ta ba da ra'ayi mai ƙarfi da ci gaba game da tsarin jari-hujja. Ta hanyar nuna rawar da sabbin abubuwa da 'yan kasuwa ke takawa, Schumpeter yana ba da tsari mai ƙarfi don fahimtar canjin tattalin arziki da ci gabansa. Ko da yake manufar lalata ƙirƙira, duk da cewa tana da ce-ce-ku-ce, tana jaddada mahimmancin daidaitawa da dorewa a cikin tsarin tattalin arziki mai canzawa koyaushe.
A cikin yanayin zamani, inda sauyin fasaha da haɗin kan duniya ke faruwa cikin sauri, ra'ayoyin Schumpeter suna taimaka mana mu fahimci tsarin juyin halittar tattalin arziki. Ta hanyar ci gaba da tantance yadda kirkire-kirkire za su iya shafar masana'antu da al'umma, za mu iya zama cikin shiri sosai don fuskantar ƙalubale da damammaki da ke gaba. Fiye da ka'idar tattalin arziki kawai, ra'ayoyin Schumpeter jagora ne don kewaya duniyar da ke ƙarƙashin kirkire-kirkire da canji.
