Fitowa da Ci gaban Addinin Buddha
Pengantar
Addinin Buddha yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan addinai na duniya, wanda ya samo asali daga tsohuwar Indiya, a kusan ƙarni na 6 zuwa 5 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). An san shi da koyarwarsa game da wahala da kuma hanyar samun wayewa, ya rinjayi miliyoyin mutane daga al'adu da yanayin ƙasa daban-daban. Wannan labarin zai bayyana fitowar addinin Buddha da ci gabansa tun daga farkon zamaninsa har zuwa yaɗuwarsa a duk faɗin duniya.
Bayani game da Fitowar Addinin Buddha
Addinin Buddha ya samo asali ne daga rayuwar Siddhartha Gautama, wacce daga baya aka fi sani da Buddha. An haifi Siddhartha Gautama a Kapilavastu, wata ƙaramar masarauta a yankin Nepal da yanzu ake kira Nepal, a kusan shekara ta 563 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. An haifi shi a cikin wani iyali mai daraja, ɗan Sarki Sudhodana da Sarauniya Maya. An ruwaito wani annabci ya bayyana cewa Siddhartha zai zama ko dai babban sarki ko kuma babban mai son zaman lafiya.
Saboda wahalar da ya gani a duniya—tsofaffi, rashin lafiya, mutuwa, da kuma wani mai son sihiri da ke rayuwa cikin halin tsaka mai wuya—Siddhartha ya bar rayuwarsa ta alfarma a fadarsa yana da shekaru 29 don neman haske da amsoshi ga wahalarsa. Bayan shekaru shida na bincike, ta hanyar nau'ikan son zuciya da tunani daban-daban, Siddhartha ya sami haske a Bodh Gaya, a ƙarƙashin bishiyar Bodhi. A wannan lokacin, ya zama Buddha, "Mai Haske."
addinin Buddha
An san koyarwar Buddha da Dharma, wadda ta ƙunshi gaskiya huɗu masu daraja (Catur Aryasatya) da kuma hanya mai daraja mai ninki takwas (Astangika Marga). Gaskiya huɗu masu daraja sune:
1. Dukkha: Wahala tana wanzuwa a rayuwa. Duk abin da ke samuwa, yake canzawa, kuma yake lalacewa tushen wahala ne.
2. Samudaya: Dalilin wahala shine sha'awa, kwadayi, ƙiyayya da jahilci.
3. Nirodha: Ana iya kawo ƙarshen wahala ta hanyar kawar da sha'awa da sha'awa.
4. Marga: Hanya zuwa ƙarshen wahala tana ta hanyar hanya mai daraja guda takwas, wato fahimta mai kyau, tunani mai kyau, magana mai kyau, aiki mai kyau, rayuwa mai kyau, ƙoƙari mai kyau, tunani mai kyau, da kuma maida hankali mai kyau.
Bugu da ƙari, Buddha ya kuma koyar da ra'ayoyin rashin tashin hankali (Ahimsa), karma, da sake haihuwa. A cikin waɗannan koyarwar, duk halittu masu rai suna ƙarƙashin dokar karma - ayyuka masu kyau da marasa kyau za su shafi rayuwar yanzu da ta gaba.
Bunkasar Addinin Buddha a Farko
Bayan samun wayewa, Buddha ya fara koyar da koyarwarsa ga wasu. An ba da koyarwar farko ta Buddha a wurin shakatawa na Deer Park da ke Sarnath, kusa da Benares (yanzu Varanasi), ga wasu tsoffin abokansa biyar masu son zaman lafiya. Wannan taron ana kiransa da "Juyawa ta Ƙafafun Dharma."
Tsawon shekaru 45 da suka biyo baya, Buddha ya yi yawo a arewacin Indiya, yana yaɗa Dharma. Ya kafa al'umma ta sufaye (Sangha), waɗanda suka ƙunshi maza da mata waɗanda suka yi watsi da rayuwar duniya don bin tafarkin Buddha. Bayan mutuwar Buddha a kusa da 483 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), Sangha ya ci gaba da aikin yaɗa koyarwar.
Yaɗuwa zuwa Yankin Asiya
Yaɗuwar addinin Buddha ta fara ne bayan mutuwar Buddha. Sarki Ashoka na Daular Mauryan ya kasance babban mutum a cikin yaɗuwar addinin. Ashoka ya yi mulki daga kimanin 268 zuwa 232 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), babban sarki ne wanda ya koma addinin Buddha bayan ya sha wahala a lokacin yaƙi. Ashoka ya goyi bayan gina wuraren tarihi na Buddha da kuma gidajen ibada (gidajen ibada), kuma ya aika da masu wa'azi zuwa sassa daban-daban na Indiya da ƙasashen waje, ciki har da Sri Lanka, Asiya ta Tsakiya, da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya.
A Sri Lanka, malamin addinin Buddha Mahinda, ɗan Ashoka, ya kawo addinin Buddha a ƙarni na 3 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. A can, addinin Buddha ya zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na al'ada da rayuwar addini. Daga Sri Lanka, addinin Buddha na Theravada ya bazu zuwa Burma (Myanmar), Thailand, Laos, da Cambodia.
A halin yanzu, addinin Buddha na Mahayana ya bunƙasa a arewacin Indiya kuma ya bazu zuwa Tsakiyar Asiya, China, Koriya, da Japan ta hanyar Hanyar Silk. Mahayana ya ƙara sabbin abubuwa ga addinin Buddha, kamar ra'ayin Bodhisattva, wani halitta wanda ke jinkirta nirvana don taimaka wa wasu su sami wayewa.
Addinin Buddha a China da Japan
Addinin Buddha ya fara zuwa China a ƙarni na 1 ta hanyar 'yan kasuwa da sufaye. Daular Han ta Gabas ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa addinin Buddha. Fassarar rubuce-rubucen Buddha zuwa Sinanci da koyarwar shahararrun sufaye kamar Kumārajīva sun taimaka wajen haɓaka addinin Buddha a China. Ƙungiyoyin Mahayana kamar Chan (Zen) da Tantrayana sun bunƙasa a can.
Daga China, addinin Buddha ya yaɗu zuwa Koriya da Japan. A Japan, addinin Buddha ya shahara sosai a duk faɗin ƙarni na 6 AD kuma ya zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na al'adun Japan. Ƙungiyoyi kamar Zen da Jodo Shinshu sun fito kuma sun saba da al'adun Japan.
Addinin Buddha a Tibet
A Tibet, addinin Buddha ya fara yaɗuwa a ƙarni na 7 bayan auren Sarki Songtsen Gampo da gimbiyoyi biyu daga Nepal da China, waɗanda suka kawo tasirin addinin Buddha. Addinin Buddha na Tibet ya yi tasiri sosai a al'adun Tantric ko Vajrayana kuma an haɗa shi da addinin Bön na asali na Tibet. Dalai Lama ya zama babban shugaban ruhaniya da siyasa na Tibet.
Ragewa da Farfaɗowa
Da yaɗuwar addinin Hindu da Musulunci a yankin Indiya, tasirin addinin Buddha ya fara raguwa a ƙasarsu. An lalata wurare da gidajen ibada da yawa sakamakon mamayar Musulunci da sauye-sauyen siyasa a Indiya bayan ƙarni na 11 AD. Duk da haka, addinin Buddha ya tsira kuma ya bunƙasa a Gabas da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya.
A ƙarni na 19 da 20, addinin Buddha ya fara jawo hankalin mutanen Yamma. Malaman Yamma sun fara zurfafa nazarin koyarwar Buddha, kuma malaman Gabas kamar D.T. Suzuki da Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche sun fara koyar da Dharma a Amurka da Turai. Ra'ayin Buddha game da bimbini, tunani, da wayewa ya zaburar da mutane da yawa a duniya.
Kammalawa
Tun daga farkonsa a tsohuwar Indiya har zuwa yaɗuwarta a duk faɗin duniya, addinin Buddha ya nuna juriyarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan addinai da falsafar ɗan adam. Ta hanyar neman wayewa, zaman lafiya, da fahimtar rayuwa da wahala, koyarwar Buddha ta ci gaba da zaburar da kuma rinjayar miliyoyin mutane. A cikin duniyar da ke cike da sauyi akai-akai, saƙon Buddha na tausayi, hikima, da kuma hanyar tsakiya ya kasance mai dacewa kuma mai mahimmanci ga dukkan bil'adama.
