Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka da Sakamakonsa
Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka, wanda aka yi tsakanin 1861 da 1865, yana ɗaya daga cikin rikice-rikice mafi zurfi da suka faru a tarihin Amurka. Sakamakon bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin jihohin Arewa da Kudanci, musamman kan bauta, haraji, da haƙƙin jihohi, yaƙin ya bar babban tasiri ga tsarin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da siyasa na Amurka. Wannan labarin zai bincika musabbabin, hanya, da tasirin yaƙin.
Tarihin Yaƙin
Babban abin da ya haifar da Yaƙin Basasa shi ne bambancin akida da tattalin arziki tsakanin jihohin Arewa da Kudu. Jihohin Kudu, waɗanda aka sani da Confederacy, sun dogara sosai kan tattalin arzikin noma wanda bayi ke tallafawa. A gefe guda kuma, jihohin Arewa, ko Tarayyar, sun fi dogara ne akan masana'antu da tattalin arziki mai ci gaba ga haƙƙin ɗan adam.
Tashin hankali ya fara bayyana a farkon karni na 19, musamman game da faɗaɗa yammacin Amurka. Tambayar ko waɗannan sabbin yankuna za su ba da damar bauta ta zama babban batu. Yarjejeniyar Missouri ta 1820 da Yarjejeniyar 1850 sun yi nufin daidaita tsakanin ƙasashe bayi da 'yantattu. Duk da haka, rashin gamsuwa ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa, kuma tare da zaɓen Abraham Lincoln, ɗan jam'iyyar Republican wanda ya yi adawa da faɗaɗa bauta, a matsayin Shugaban ƙasa a 1860, jihohin kudu suka fara ballewa daga Tarayyar suka kafa ƙungiyar Confederacy.
Tafarkin Yaƙin
Yaƙin Basasa ya fara ne a watan Afrilun 1861 lokacin da sojojin Confederate suka kai hari kan Fort Sumter da ke South Carolina. Da farko ɓangarorin biyu sun yi tsammanin yaƙin zai ƙare da sauri, amma gaskiyar lamarin ta bambanta sosai.
Matakan Farko (1861-1862): A farkon yaƙin, ƙungiyar Confederacy ta sami nasarori da dama masu mahimmanci, musamman Yaƙe-yaƙe na Farko da na Biyu na Bull Run (Manassas). Ƙungiyar, a gefe guda, ta sha kaye mai wulaƙanci amma ba da daɗewa ba ta ƙara ƙarfafa sake fasalin sojojinta.
Matakin Tsakiya (1863-1864): Shekarar 1863 ta kasance wani lokaci mai muhimmanci a Yaƙin Basasa. Yaƙin Gettysburg (1-3 ga Yuli) ya nuna babban shan kashi ga sojojin Confederate a ƙarƙashin Janar Robert E. Lee. A lokaci guda, Janar Ulysses S. Grant ya yi nasara a Yaƙin Vicksburg, wanda ya ba wa Union ikon mallakar Kogin Mississippi kuma ya raba Confederacy gida biyu.
Matakin Ƙarshe (1864-1865): Shekarun ƙarshe na yaƙin sun ga Tarayyar ta aiwatar da dabarun "yaƙi gaba ɗaya". Janar William T. Sherman ya jagoranci tattakin Sherman zuwa Yaƙin Teku, wanda ya lalata muhimman kayayyakin more rayuwa na rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da lalata kwarin gwiwa. Janar Grant ya ci gaba da matsa wa sojojin Lee lamba a Virginia.
A ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1865, Janar Lee ya mika wuya ga Janar Grant a gidan shari'a na Appomattox da ke Virginia, wanda hakan ya kawo ƙarshen yaƙin. Ba da mako guda ba, John Wilkes Booth ya kashe Shugaba Lincoln, wanda hakan ya ƙara ta'azzara bala'in ƙarshen yaƙin.
Tasirin Yaƙin Basasa
Zamantakewa: Yaƙin Basasa ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane kimanin 620.000 zuwa 750.000, tare da wasu da dama da suka ji rauni har abada. Yaƙin ya kawo ƙarshen bauta a Amurka tare da amincewa da Kwaskwarima ta 13 a 1865. Duk da haka, duk da kawo ƙarshen bauta a hukumance, wariyar launin fata da wariya sun ci gaba tsawon shekaru masu zuwa, musamman a Kudu.
Tattalin Arziki: Tattalin arzikin Kudu ya lalace gaba ɗaya sakamakon yaƙin. Duk da lalacewar zahiri da yaƙin ya haifar da kuma kawar da bauta, tsarin noma wanda ya kasance ginshiƙin tattalin arzikin Kudu ya ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo kafin ya farfaɗo. A gefe guda kuma, Yaƙin Basasa ya haifar da masana'antu a Arewa kuma ya ƙarfafa tsarin jari-hujja a matsayin tsarin tattalin arziki mafi rinjaye a Amurka.
Siyasa: Yaƙin ya canza dangantakar da ke tsakanin gwamnatocin tarayya da na jihohi sosai. Gwamnatin tsakiya ta ƙara ƙarfi, tare da ƙarin iko na shiga tsakani a harkokin jiha. Wannan ya haɗa da amincewa da gyare-gyare na 14 da 15, wanda ya ba wa tsoffin bayi maza 'yancin zama ɗan ƙasa da zaɓe, da kuma wasu dokoki daban-daban da aka yi niyya don kare haƙƙin jama'a.
Sake Ginawa: Lokacin sake ginawa (1865–1877) wanda ya biyo bayan Yaƙin Basasa ya kasance wanda aka yi ta ƙoƙarin sake gina jihohin Kudu da aka lalata da kuma haɗa sabbin 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa da aka 'yantar cikin al'ummar Amurka. Duk da cewa an sami wasu ci gaba a wannan lokacin, da yawa daga cikin waɗannan ƙoƙarin an kawo ƙarshensu ne ta hanyar haɓakar fifikon fararen fata da kuma kafa ƙungiyoyi, kamar Ku Klux Klan, waɗanda suka haɓaka tashin hankali da tsoratarwa ga Baƙar fata da magoya bayansu.
Al'adu: Yaƙin Basasa ya kuma bar babban tasiri ga fannoni daban-daban na al'adun Amurka, ciki har da adabi, kiɗa, da fasaha. Marubuta, mawaƙa, da masu fasaha da yawa sun sanya abubuwan da suka faru da yaƙin a cikin ayyukansu na yau da kullun. Waƙoƙi kamar "Battle Hymn of the Republic" da "Dixie" sun zama alamun gwagwarmaya da asalin yanki wanda ke da tasiri har zuwa yau.
Kammalawa
Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka ba wai kawai wani babban rikici ne na soja wanda ya ƙayyade makomar Amurka ba, har ma wani lamari ne da ya sake mayar da hankali kan jajircewar ƙasar ga ƙa'idodin 'yanci da daidaito. Tasirin yaƙin ya kasance mai zurfi tsawon tsararraki kuma har yanzu yana da tasiri a yau. Duk da haka, ruhin sulhu da ci gaba da ya bayyana bayan yaƙin shaida ne ga juriyar al'umma mai iya shawo kan rarrabuwar kawuna masu zurfi da ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar makoma mai adalci da haɗin kai.
