Muhimman Tsarin Bambancin Motoci
A duniyar motoci, tsarin watsa wutar lantarki (drivetrain) yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da wutar lantarki daga injin zuwa ƙafafun yadda ya kamata. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin tuƙi, musamman a cikin motocin tuƙi na baya (RWD), motocin tuƙi na gaba (FWD), da motocin tuƙi na ƙafa huɗu (4WD/AWD), shine bambancin. Bambancin yana aiki a hankali amma yana ƙayyade jin daɗin abin hawa, kwanciyar hankali, da amincinsa sosai lokacin da yake tafiya ko ratsa saman tituna marasa daidaituwa. Wannan labarin ya tattauna muhimman abubuwan da ke tattare da tsarin bambancin abin hawa: ma'ana, aiki, abubuwan da aka haɗa, ƙa'idodin aiki, nau'ikan, da alamun lalacewa da kulawa.
Fahimtar Bambancin
Bambancin abu shine tsarin gear wanda ke bawa ƙafafun tuƙi guda biyu a kan gatari ɗaya (hagu da dama) damar juyawa a gudu daban-daban, musamman lokacin da abin hawa ke juyawa. Ba tare da bambanci ba, ƙafafun biyu a kan gatari ɗaya za su tilasta juyawa a gudu ɗaya, wanda ke haifar da zamewar ƙafafu, lalacewar taya cikin sauri, wahalar sarrafa abin hawa, da kuma ƙaruwar damuwa akan sassan motar tuƙi.
A cikin motocin tuƙi na baya, bambancin yawanci yana kan aksali na baya. A cikin motocin tuƙi na gaba, bambancin yawanci ana haɗa shi da transaxle (haɗin watsawa da bambancin) a gaba. A cikin motocin 4WD/AWD, akwai yiwuwar samun bambancin gaba, bambancin baya, da kuma wani lokacin bambancin tsakiya ko wani ɓangaren raba karfin juyi.
Babban Aikin Bambanci
Gabaɗaya, differentials suna da manyan ayyuka da yawa:
1. Rarraba wutar lantarki zuwa ƙafafun tuƙi guda biyu
Bambancin yana watsa karfin juyi daga shaft ɗin propeller (ko fitarwar watsawa akan FWD) zuwa ƙafafun hagu da dama.
2. Yana ba da damar saurin juyawar ƙafa daban-daban
Idan ana juyawa, tayar waje tana tafiya mafi nisa fiye da tayar ciki, don haka dole ne tayar waje ta juya da sauri. Bambancin ya dace da wannan bambanci.
3. Canja alkiblar juyawa da rabon tuƙi na ƙarshe
Ta hanyar jerin gears na zobe da gears na pinion, bambancin yana canza alkiblar juyawar shaft ɗin propeller kuma gabaɗaya yana ba da raguwa ta ƙarshe (rabo na ƙarshe na tuƙi) don ƙara ƙarfin juyi zuwa ƙafafun.
4. Inganta kwanciyar hankali da kwanciyar hankali na tuƙi
Idan aka yi amfani da tsarin juyawa yadda ya kamata, abin hawa yana da santsi yayin da ake yin kusurwa, wanda hakan ke rage alamun tsalle ko "cizon" tayoyi.
Babban Abubuwan da ke cikin Tsarin Bambanci
Duk da cewa ƙira na iya bambanta tsakanin masana'antun, bambancin ya ƙunshi waɗannan abubuwan:
1. Kayan aikin Pinion (pinion na tuƙi)
Ƙaramin gear wanda ke karɓar juyawa daga shaft ɗin propeller (RWD) ko shaft ɗin fitarwa na watsawa (FWD). Pinion ɗin yana juya gear ɗin zobe.
2. Kayan zobe (tayar rawani)
Babban gear da aka haɗa da akwatin bambancin. Gear zobe yana haɗuwa da gear pinion kuma yana ƙayyade rabon tuƙi na ƙarshe.
3. Launi daban-daban (gidan daban-daban)
Gida inda gear ɗin bambancin yake. Yana juyawa da gear ɗin zobe.
4. Kayan gefe (kayan rana)
Gears da aka haɗa da axles na hagu da dama. Gears na gefe suna aika ƙarfin juyi kai tsaye zuwa ga axles.
5. Gizo-gizo / gear pinion differential (gear duniya)
Ƙananan gears a cikin akwatin bambancin da ke ba da damar gears na gefe su juya a cikin gudu daban-daban.
6. Bearings da hatimi
Bearings suna tallafawa santsi da daidaiton juyawar pinion da kuma ma'aunin bambancin. Hatimin yana hana ɗigon mai aksali.
7. Man fetur daban-daban (man fetur)
Man shafawa mai ƙarfi don kare giya daga lalacewa, zafi da yawan abubuwan da ke haɗuwa.
Ka'idar Aiki ta Bambancin Bambanci Lokacin Daidaitawa da Juyawa
1. Lokacin da abin hawa ke tafiya kai tsaye
Idan mota tana tafiya kai tsaye a kan titi mai faɗi, ƙafafun hagu da dama suna buƙatar saurin juyawa iri ɗaya. A ƙarƙashin waɗannan yanayi:
– Gilashin zobe yana juya akwatin bambancin.
– Gilashin gizo-gizo yana juyawa amma baya juyawa sosai akan axis ɗinsa.
– Giyoyin gefen hagu da dama suna juyawa a daidai wannan gudu.
Sakamakon haka, ƙarfin juyi ya rabu kuma ƙafafun suna motsawa daidai gwargwado.
2. Lokacin da abin hawa ya juya
Lokacin da motar ta juya:
– Tayar waje dole ta yi sauri domin hanyarta ta fi tsayi.
– Har yanzu akwatin bambancin yana juyawa, amma yanzu akwatin gizo-gizo yana juyawa a kan axis ɗinsa, yana bawa ɗayan gefen gear damar juyawa da sauri ɗayan kuma a hankali.
Don haka, Motar na iya yin kusurwa cikin sauƙi ba tare da tilasta ɗaya daga cikin ƙafafun ba zamewa mai yawa.
Nau'o'in Bambance-bambance
Ci gaban fasaha ya haifar da nau'ikan bambance-bambance daban-daban don buƙatun jan hankali da aiki daban-daban:
1. Buɗaɗɗen Bambanci (buɗaɗɗen bambanci)
Wannan ita ce nau'in da aka fi amfani da shi a cikin motocin fasinja. Fa'idodinsa sune sauƙi, araha, da santsi. Rashin kyau: lokacin da tayoyi ɗaya suka rasa jan hankali (misali, a kan hanyoyi masu santsi), karfin juyi yakan gudana zuwa ga tayoyin da ke juyawa cikin sauƙi (wanda ke zamewa), wanda hakan ke sa abin hawa ya yi wahalar motsawa.
2. Bambancin Zamewa Mai Iyaka (LSD)
An ƙera bambancin zamewa mai iyaka (LSD) don ba da damar juyawar tayoyi daban-daban yayin yin kusurwa, yayin da ake iyakance zamewa mai yawa lokacin da tayoyi ɗaya ta rasa jan hankali. Akwai nau'ikan LSD da yawa:
- LSD na kama-da-wane (ta amfani da faranti na kama-da-wane)
- LSD mai kauri (ta amfani da ruwan silicone)
– Torsen/Helical LSD (ta amfani da giyar helical)
Ana amfani da LSDs sosai a cikin motocin da ke aiki, SUVs, da motocin da ke buƙatar ingantaccen jan hankali.
3. Bambancin Kullewa (bambancin kullewa)
Ana iya "kulle" bambancin ta yadda ƙafafun biyu za su juya daidai gwargwado, wanda ke da amfani ga manyan motoci marasa hanya. Idan aka kulle motar, tana da matsakaicin jan hankali, amma ba ta dace da yin kusurwa a kan kwalta ba, domin tana iya haifar da asarar wutar lantarki, lalacewar taya, da kuma damuwa a kan hanyar tuƙi.
4. Bambancin Lantarki / Tsarin Karfin Juyawa
Kunnawa motocin zamaniAna iya sarrafa rarrabawar karfin juyi ta hanyar lantarki, ko dai ta hanyar amfani da maƙallin faranti da yawa, injin lantarki (akan EV), ko kuma tsarin birki wanda ke riƙe da takamaiman tayoyi. Ƙarfin juyi yana inganta kwanciyar hankali da saurin gudu yayin da ake yin kusurwa.
Alamomin Rashin Bambanci
Lalacewar da ta bambanta na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako. Wasu alamu na yau da kullun sune:
– Sautin ƙara ko kuma sautin minshari daga aksali wanda ke ƙaruwa da sauri.
- Sautin "klotok" yayin hanzari ko raguwa yana nuna yawan mayar da martani ko lalacewar sassa.
– Girgizawa daga baya ko gaba ya danganta da matsayin bambancin.
– Zubar da mai aksali, wanda ake iya gani daga zubewa a cikin hatimin aksali ko hatimin pinion.
– Tayoyi suna lalacewa ba daidai ba, musamman idan aka haɗa su da matsalolin daidaitawa ko ɗaukar kaya.
Idan waɗannan alamun suka bayyana, ya kamata a yi bincike nan take domin lalacewar kayan aiki na iya yaɗuwa kuma farashin gyara zai iya ƙaruwa.
Bambance-bambancen Kulawa na Asali
Don tabbatar da cewa bambancin ya daɗe, yana da mahimmanci a bi waɗannan matakan kulawa:
1. A riƙa canza man aksali akai-akai bisa ga shawarwarin masana'anta (misali, a kowace kilomita 20.000–50.000, ya danganta da amfaninsa).
2. Yi amfani da takamaiman ƙayyadaddun mai, gami da ma'aunin API GL-4/GL-5 da ɗanko (misali 75W-90, 80W-90) bisa ga littafin jagora.
3. Duba ko akwai ɗigon ruwa a cikin hatimin da gaskets, sannan a tabbatar da cewa na'urar numfashi (iska) ba ta toshe ba.
4. A guji ɗaukar nauyi mai yawa ba tare da shiri ba, misali a riƙa jan kaya masu nauyi akai-akai ba tare da mai mai kyau ko kuma sanyaya su yadda ya kamata ba.
5. Ga wasu nau'ikan LSD, yi amfani da mai tare da ƙarin LSD idan ana buƙata don hana clutch ɗin LSD girgiza (chatter).
Penutup
Bambancin muhimmin abu ne wanda ke ba motocin hawa damar juyawa cikin aminci da kwanciyar hankali, yana rarraba karfin juyi zuwa ga ƙafafun tuƙi, kuma yana ba da raguwa ta ƙarshe don ƙara karfin juyi a ƙafafun. Fahimtar yadda bambancin ke aiki da nau'ikan daban-daban - daga bambance-bambancen buɗewa zuwa bambance-bambancen zamewa masu iyaka, bambance-bambancen kullewa, da tsarin lantarki na zamani - yana taimaka wa masu amfani su fahimci mahimmancin kula da mai da gano lalacewa da wuri. Tare da kulawa mai kyau, tsarin bambancin zai iya aiki yadda ya kamata a cikin dogon lokaci kuma ya kula da aikin abin hawa a cikin yanayi daban-daban na hanya.
