Ka'idar Aiki ta Injin Mai a Injiniyan Motoci na Asali
Injin kunna walƙiya (injin mai) wani nau'in injin ƙonawa ne na ciki wanda aka fi amfani da shi a cikin ƙananan motoci kamar babura da motocin fasinja. A cikin injiniyancin motoci na asali, fahimtar ƙa'idodin aiki na injin mai muhimmin tushe ne kafin a zurfafa cikin tsarin da ya fi rikitarwa kamar allurar mai ta lantarki, sarrafa hayaki, ko gano lahani. Wannan labarin ya tattauna mahimman ra'ayoyi game da injin mai, zagayowar aikinsa, mahimman abubuwan da ke tattare da shi, da abubuwan da ke tasiri ga inganci da aikinsa.
Fahimta da Manufofin Asali na Injunan Mai
Injinan mai suna aiki ta hanyar mayar da makamashin sinadarai na man fetur zuwa makamashin zafi ta hanyar konewa, sannan a mayar da wannan makamashi zuwa makamashin inji ta hanyar juyawar crankshaft. Sannan ana tura wannan juyawa zuwa ga watsa wutar lantarki da kuma ƙafafun abin hawa.
Wani abin da ya bambanta injin mai shine yana kunna cakuda iska da mai ta amfani da walƙiya daga toshewar walƙiya. Saboda haka, ana kiran injunan mai da injinan walƙiya. Ba kamar injunan dizal ba, waɗanda ke ƙonewa saboda yawan matsi, injunan mai suna buƙatar tsarin kunna wuta don samar da walƙiya.
A cikin tsarin kera motoci na asali, galibi ana samun injunan mai a cikin nau'ikan kekuna guda biyu: injunan bugun 4 (4-stroke) da injunan bugun 2 (2-stroke). A halin yanzu, injunan bugun 4-stroke sun fi rinjaye saboda sun fi inganci kuma suna da ƙarancin hayaki mai gurbata muhalli, yayin da injunan bugun 2-stroke sun fi sauƙi amma suna ɓarna kuma suna da gurɓataccen iska.
Babban Abubuwan da ke Cikin Injin Mai
Domin fahimtar ƙa'idar aiki, muna buƙatar sanin manyan abubuwan da ke da hannu kai tsaye a cikin zagayowar ƙonewa:
1. Silinda da piston: inda ake yin matsi da ƙonewa. Piston yana motsawa sama da ƙasa a cikin silinda.
2. Sandar da ke haɗa (sandar piston): tana haɗa piston ɗin da crankshaft.
3. Crankshaft: yana canza motsi sama-sama na piston zuwa motsi mai juyawa.
4. Kan silinda: wurin da ɗakin konewa yake, bawul ɗin shiga, bawul ɗin shaye-shaye, toshewar walƙiya, da bututun shiga/shaye.
5. Bawuloli masu shiga da fitar da hayaki: suna daidaita kwararar iska da man fetur da kuma iskar gas mai ƙonewa.
6. Shaft ɗin Camshaft (shaft ɗin Camshaft): yana daidaita lokutan buɗewa da rufewa ta hanyar tsarin lokaci.
7. Tsarin mai: carburetor ko allura, yana aiki don samar da cakuda iska da fetur.
8. Tsarin kunna wuta: yana samar da babban ƙarfin lantarki don kunna wutar lantarki.
9. Tsarin shafawa: yana rage gogayya da sanyaya sassan jiki.
10. Tsarin sanyaya: yana sa injin ya yi aiki da zafin jiki daidai.
Duk waɗannan abubuwan suna aiki gaba ɗaya. Rashin aiki a cikin ɗayansu na iya rage aiki, ƙara yawan amfani da mai, ko haifar da mummunan lalacewa.
Yadda Injin Fetur Mai Bugawa 4 Ke Aiki
Injin mai mai bugun 4 yana kammala zagayen aiki ɗaya a cikin bugun piston huɗu da juyin juya halin crankshaft guda biyu. Waɗannan bugun huɗu sune:
1. Ciwon Shanyewar Jini
Piston ɗin yana motsawa daga Top Dead Center (TDC) zuwa Bottom Dead Center (BDC). A wannan lokacin, bawul ɗin shiga a buɗe yake kuma bawul ɗin shaye-shaye a rufe yake. Motsin piston ɗin yana rage matsin lamba a cikin silinda, yana ba da damar haɗakar iska da mai ta shiga ɗakin silinda ta cikin madaurin shigar.
A cikin injunan zamani da ake amfani da man fetur, iska tana shiga ta cikin injinan rage gudu, yayin da ake fesa mai ta hanyar allurar kamar yadda umarnin ECU ya tanada. A cikin injunan da aka yi amfani da carbureted, cakuda yana samuwa ne ta hanyar bambancin matsin lamba (tasirin venturi).
2. Ciwon Matsi
Piston ɗin yana tashi daga BDC zuwa TDC. Bawuloli na shiga da na shaye-shaye duka a rufe suke sosai. Ana matse cakuda mai da iska, yana ƙara zafinsa da matsinsa. Matsi yana da mahimmanci saboda cakuda mai matsewa yana samar da ƙonewa mai ƙarfi idan aka kunna shi.
A ƙarshen bugun matsi, jim kaɗan kafin piston ya isa TDC, toshewar walƙiya tana kamawa. Wannan lokacin ana kiransa lokacin kunna wuta kuma yana shafar ƙarfin injin da ingancinsa sosai.
3. Ƙarfi/Faɗaɗa Ƙarfi
Bayan kunna fitilar walƙiya, cakuda iska da mai zai kunna da sauri, yana haifar da matsin lamba mai yawa. Wannan matsin yana tura piston ƙasa daga TDC zuwa BDC. Wannan shine bugun da ke samar da babban ƙarfin fitarwa. Motsin piston yana wucewa ta hanyar sandar haɗawa zuwa crankshaft.
A wannan matakin, dole ne ƙonewa mai kyau ta faru ta hanyar da aka tsara. Idan ƙonewa ta yi sauri kuma ba ta dace ba, buguwa na iya faruwa, wanda hakan yana da haɗari ga injin.
4. Shaye-shaye na bugun jini
Piston ɗin yana tashi daga BDC zuwa TDC. Bawul ɗin shaye-shaye yana buɗewa yayin da bawul ɗin shaye-shaye ke rufewa. Ana tilasta iskar gas ɗin shaye-shaye zuwa cikin tsarin shaye-shaye da kuma tsarin shaye-shaye. Bayan an saki iskar gas ɗin, zagayowar ta koma bugun shaye-shaye.
A cikin injin gaske, akwai kalmar da ake kira overlap na bawul, wanda ke faruwa lokacin da bawul ɗin shiga ya fara buɗewa yayin da bawul ɗin shaye-shaye bai rufe gaba ɗaya ba. Overlap yana taimakawa wajen fitar da iskar gas da ta rage kuma yana ƙara ingancin girma a wani lokaci na rpm.
Yadda Injin Fetur Mai Buga Biyu Ke Aiki (Taƙaitaccen Bayani)
Injin bugun jini biyu yana kammala zagaye ɗaya a cikin bugun piston guda biyu da kuma juyin juya halin crankshaft guda ɗaya. Tsarin ɗaukar kaya, matsi, wutar lantarki, da kuma fitar da hayaki suna haɗuwa, yawanci suna amfani da tashoshin jiragen ruwa a bangon silinda maimakon bawuloli kamar injin bugun jini guda huɗu.
Fa'idodin: sauƙin gini da kuma yawan wutar lantarki da ake samu a kowace matsuguni. Rashin amfani da shi: yawan haɗa mai da mai, ƙarancin ƙonewa mai tsafta, yawan amfani da mai, da kuma yawan hayaki mai yawa. Saboda damuwar hayaki mai gurbata muhalli, injinan bugun biyu suna ƙara zama ruwan dare a cikin motocin zamani.
Abubuwan da ke Shafar Aikin Injin Mai
A cikin injiniyan kera motoci na asali, wasu muhimman abubuwan da ke tantance aiki da ingancin injin mai sun haɗa da:
1. Rabon matsi
Babban rabon matsi galibi yana inganta ingancin zafi, amma yana iya haifar da bugawa idan octane na fetur bai dace ba.
2. Ingancin cakuda mai da iska (AFR)
Cakudin da ya dace (stoichiometric) don fetur shine kimanin 14,7:1 (iska: mai). Cakudin da ya yi yawa yana ɓatarwa kuma yana da hayaƙi, yayin da ya yi tsauri sosai zai iya sa injin ya yi zafi fiye da kima kuma ya rasa wutar lantarki.
3. Lokacin kunna wuta
Wutar da ke tashi da wuri ko kuma a makare ta rage wutar lantarki kuma tana ƙara yawan amfani da mai. Injinan zamani suna sarrafa wannan ta hanyar lantarki.
4. Yanayin tsarin kunna wuta
Filogi masu lalacewa, ko kuma na'urorin da ba su da kyau, ko kuma wayoyin da suka lalace na iya haifar da gobarar da ba ta dace ba, ƙaruwar amfani da mai, da kuma rashin fitar da hayaki mai kyau.
5. Yanayin injina na injin
Ƙarancin matse silinda saboda lalacewar zoben piston ko kuma ɗigon bawuloli zai haifar da ƙarancin ƙarfi da wahalar farawa.
6. Tsarin sanyaya da man shafawa
Zafi fiye da kima na iya lalata abubuwan da ke ciki, yayin da rashin man shafawa mai kyau ke hanzarta lalacewa.
Kammalawa
Ka'idar aiki na injin mai shine ainihin tsarin tsotsa a cikin cakuda mai da iska, matse shi, kunna shi da abin toshewa don samar da wutar lantarki, sannan fitar da sauran iskar gas mai ƙonewa. A cikin injin mai bugun 4-stroke, wannan zagayen yana faruwa ta hanyar bugun piston guda huɗu: ɗaukar kaya, matsi, wutar lantarki, da shaye-shaye. Fahimtar manyan abubuwan da ke ciki, jerin zagayowar, da abubuwan da ke shafar ƙonewa yana da matukar taimako wajen koyon dabarun mota na asali - ko don kulawa ta yau da kullun, gyare-gyare, ko magance matsaloli.
Idan kuna so, zan iya ƙara misali mai sauƙi na zagayowar bugun 4, teburin kwatanta injunan bugun 2 da bugun 4, ko taƙaitaccen bayani game da kayan binciken.
