Ka'idojin Asali na Ka'idar String
Ka'idar String wani reshe ne na kimiyyar lissafi wanda ke ƙoƙarin bayyana ainihin yanayin sararin samaniya ta hanyar gabatar da ra'ayin cewa ƙwayoyin asali ba maki ba ne, amma abubuwa masu girma ɗaya da ake kira "kirtani." Wannan ka'ida tana ɗaya daga cikin yunƙurin da ya fi girma a fannin kimiyyar lissafi don haɗa dukkan hulɗar asali da aka sani - gami da nauyi - a cikin tsarin ka'ida guda ɗaya, mai daidaito. Wannan labarin zai bayyana mahimman ra'ayoyin ka'idar string, yadda ta bunƙasa, da kuma tasirinta ga kimiyyar kimiyyar zamani.
Takaitaccen Bayani
An nuna ra'ayin ka'idar barbashi na asali a cikin kimiyyar lissafi ta gargajiya a matsayin abubuwa marasa girma ko "maki." Makanikan Kwatancen da ka'idar dangantaka gabaɗaya sun yi nasarar bayyana wasu fannoni na sararin samaniya, amma matsaloli suna tasowa yayin haɗa su. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen kimiyyar lissafi shine ƙirƙirar "Ka'idar Komai" (ToE) wanda zai iya bayyana duk abubuwan da suka faru na halitta tare da saitin dokoki guda ɗaya. Ka'idar String ta fito a matsayin ɗan takara mai alƙawarin cike wannan gibin.
Manufofin Ka'idar String
Babban manufar ka'idar kirtani ita ce ƙwayoyin asali ba maki ba ne, amma ƙananan igiyoyi ne masu tsawon kusan 10^-33 cm (ƙanƙanta fiye da yadda za mu iya gani da fasahar zamani). Waɗannan igiyoyin na iya yin rawar jiki ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kuma waɗannan girgiza daban-daban suna ƙayyade nau'in ƙwayar da aka samar. Saboda haka, ana iya ɗaukar dukkan ƙwayoyin da ke cikin sararin samaniya a matsayin alamun igiyoyi da ke rawar jiki a cikin takamaiman alamu.
Nau'ikan igiyoyi
Akwai manyan nau'ikan igiyoyi guda biyu a cikin ka'idar igiyoyi:
1. Buɗaɗɗen Zaren: Zaren da ke da ƙarshen da ba a iya jurewa ba.
2. Zaren Rufe: Zaren da ƙarshensa aka haɗa don samar da da'ira.
Waɗannan nau'ikan girgizar igiyoyi daban-daban na iya wakiltar ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban. Misali, an gabatar da photons, electrons, har ma da gravitons (ƙwayoyin da ke ɗauke da nauyi) a matsayin girgizar igiyoyi ta musamman.
Ƙarin Girma
Ɗaya daga cikin fannoni mafi ban sha'awa da rikitarwa na ka'idar kirtani shine gabatar da ƙarin girma . Muna rayuwa ne a cikin duniya mai girma uku na sarari da girma ɗaya na ɗan lokaci , jimillar girma huɗu a cikin sararin samaniya-lokaci. Duk da haka, ka'idar kirtani tana buƙatar fiye da girma huɗu don su kasance daidai da lissafi. Ka'idar kirtani mafi sauƙi tana buƙatar jimillar girma 10, yayin da sigar da ta fi rikitarwa, kamar ka'idar M, ke buƙatar 11. Wannan yana tayar da tambaya: ina waɗannan ƙarin girma suke zuwa?
Bayanin da aka gabatar shi ne cewa waɗannan girma suna "ɓoye" a kan ƙananan ma'auni, ƙanana ne da ba za a iya lura da su kai tsaye ba. Wannan tsari ana kiransa da ƙanƙantawa. Wani sanannen samfurin ƙanƙantawa shine sararin Calabi-Yau, wanda ke ba da damar haɗa waɗannan ƙarin girma tare da haɗa su a cikin tsarin lissafi mai rikitarwa amma mai rikitarwa.
Superstrings da Super Symmetry
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ci gaba a cikin ka'idar kirtani shine haɗakar supersymmetry, wanda ya haifar da ka'idar superstring. Supersymmetry shine ƙa'idar cewa kowace ƙwayar boson (wadda ke ɗauke da ƙarfi) tana da abokin tarayya na fermion (wanda ke ɗauke da abu), kuma akasin haka. Ba a lura da supersymmetry ta hanyar gwaji ba, amma ana ɗaukarsa abin sha'awa ne saboda yana iya magance matsaloli da yawa a cikin kimiyyar lissafi , kamar tsarin taro da daidaiton lissafi.
Ka'idar Superstring tana buƙatar supersymmetry domin ka'idar ta kasance daidai. Wannan ya kai mu ga tsari guda biyar daban-daban na ka'idar superstring:
1. Nau'i na I
2. Nau'in IIA
3. Nau'in IIB
4. Heterotic-O
5. Heterotic-E
Kowanne daga cikin waɗannan ka'idoji guda biyar yana sanya igiyoyi a cikin tsari daban-daban kuma yana da wata hanya ta musamman ta haɗa su.
Biyu da Ka'idar M
Duk da cewa akwai ka'idoji guda biyar daban-daban na superstring, gano duality yana nuna cewa waɗannan ka'idoji guda biyar na superstring na iya zama alamu daban-daban na wata ka'ida ta asali, wacce ake kira M-Theory. Duality yana bayyana yanayi inda ka'idoji guda biyu da suka yi kama da juna suke da bayanin iri ɗaya a cikin yanayi daban-daban. Misali, T-duality yana haɗa nau'in IIA da nau'in IIB, kuma S-duality yana haɗa nau'in I da heterotic.
Ka'idar M har yanzu tana kan ci gaba kuma yanki ne mai aiki na bincike a fannin kimiyyar lissafi. Tana gabatar da girma 11 na lokacin sarari da sarari kuma tana ƙara abubuwa masu girma waɗanda aka sani da membranes ko "branes" ban da igiyoyi.
Tasirin da ke cikin kimiyyar lissafi
Ma'anar ka'idar kirtani, idan aka tabbatar da ita daidai, tana da yawa. Na farko, tana iya haɗa ƙarfin nauyi da na'urorin lissafi na quantum a cikin tsari ɗaya, mai daidaito, wani abu da kimiyyar lissafi ta yanzu ba ta cimma ba tukuna. Hakanan tana da damar share hanyar zurfafa fahimtar ilimin sararin samaniya, musamman a cikin mahallin Big Bang da black hole singleities.
Bugu da ƙari, ka'idar kirtani na iya magance matsaloli daban-daban a fannin kimiyyar lissafi , gami da matsalar tsarin taro da kuma matsalar da ke ci gaba da wanzuwa a sararin samaniya. Duk da cewa har yanzu akwai suka da shakku da yawa, galibi saboda rashin shaidar gwaji kai tsaye, ka'idar kirtani ta ci gaba da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin fannoni mafi ban sha'awa na bincike a fannin kimiyyar lissafi.
Kalubale da Suka
Ka'idar String tana fuskantar ƙalubale da suka da dama. Babban suka shine rashin hasashen da za a iya tabbatarwa ta hanyar gwaji. Ma'aunin kuzari wanda tasirin ka'idar string ke zama mai mahimmanci ya fi ƙarfin fasahar gwaji ta yanzu. Bugu da ƙari, akwai mafita da yawa da za a iya magancewa ga ƙarin girma, wanda ke haifar da babban yanayin ka'idar string, wanda ke sa hasashen da za a iya gwadawa ya fi wahala.
Gabaɗaya, ka'idar igiya wani yunƙuri ne mai girma na haɗa dukkan dokokin sararin samaniya cikin tsari ɗaya mai kyau da daidaito. Duk da cewa har yanzu babu shaidar gwaji, ka'idar ta gabatar da dabaru da kayan aikin lissafi da yawa waɗanda suka buɗe sabbin hanyoyi don binciken ka'idoji. Makomar ka'idar igiya da aikace-aikacenta a fannin kimiyyar lissafi sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan tambayoyin da ke jiran amsoshi.
