Asali na Ilimin Lissafi na Haske
Haske yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi kusanci da rayuwar ɗan adam. Muna buƙatar ganinsa, mu yi amfani da shi don fasaha (daga kyamarori zuwa fiber optics), sannan mu yi nazarinsa don fahimtar tsarin duniya. A fannin kimiyyar lissafi, ana kallon haske a matsayin wani nau'in makamashi wanda zai iya yaduwa, mu'amala da abu, kuma ya nuna halaye waɗanda wani lokacin suke kama da raƙuman ruwa, wani lokacin kuma suna kama da ƙwayoyin cuta. Wannan labarin ya yi bayani a taƙaice amma ya yi cikakken bayani game da ainihin kimiyyar haske: ma'anarsa, halayen raƙuman ruwa, halayen ƙwayoyin cuta, hulɗa da abu, da wasu aikace-aikace.
1. Menene Haske?
A zahiri, haske wani nau'in wutar lantarki ne wanda zai iya yaduwa ba tare da wani matsakaici ba. Wannan yana nufin ba ya buƙatar iska ko wani "wani abu na tsakiya" don tafiya. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa hasken rana zai iya isa Duniya ta cikin sararin samaniya kusan-vacuum.
Hasken da idon ɗan adam zai iya gani ana kiransa haske mai gani, tare da tsawon raƙuman ruwa daga kimanin nm 400 (violet) zuwa 700 nm (ja). A wajen wannan kewayon, akwai wasu raƙuman lantarki kamar infrared, ultraviolet, microwaves, rediyo, da X-rays. Duk waɗannan a zahiri "dangi" ne na haske, waɗanda suka bambanta kawai a tsawon raƙuman ruwa da kuzari.
2. Haske a Matsayin Raƙumin Wutar Lantarki
A cikin ka'idar lantarki (wanda aka tsara a cikin lissafin Maxwell), haske ya ƙunshi filayen lantarki da na maganadisu masu juyawa waɗanda suke daidai da juna kuma suna daidai da alkiblar yaɗuwar. Wannan yanayin raƙuman ruwa yana ba da haske wasu muhimman halaye:
a. Tsawon Zango da Mita
- Tsawon Wave (λ) shine nisan da ke tsakanin layuka biyu a jere na raƙuman ruwa.
– Mita (f) shine adadin girgiza a kowace daƙiƙa.
– Dukansu suna da alaƙa da saurin haske (c) ta hanyar lissafi:
c = λ f
A cikin injin tsabtace iska, saurin haske yana kimanin 3 × 10⁸ m/s. Ana ɗaukar wannan ƙimar ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi. Duk da haka, lokacin da haske ya shiga wani abu kamar ruwa ko gilashi, saurinsa yana raguwa.
b. Makamashi da Alaƙarsa da Mita
Duk da cewa muna magana ne game da tsawon tsayi da mita a cikin mahallin raƙuman ruwa, makamashin haske yana da alaƙa da mita. Mafi girman mitar (mafi guntun tsawon tsayi), mafi girman kuzarin.
3. Haske kamar ƙwayoyin cuta: Photons
A farkon karni na 20, gwaje-gwaje da dama sun nuna cewa bayanin raƙuman ruwa kawai bai isa ba. Wannan ya haifar da ra'ayin cewa ana iya ɗaukar haske a matsayin fakitin makamashi daban-daban da ake kira photons. Ana ba da kuzarin photon ta hanyar:
E = hf
inda h shine madaidaicin Planck.
Wannan ra'ayi yana da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen bayyana abubuwan da suka faru kamar tasirin hasken lantarki, inda hasken da ke faɗowa saman ƙarfe ke sa a fitar da electrons. Abin sha'awa, ana fitar da electrons ne kawai idan mitar hasken ta yi yawa, koda kuwa ƙarfin ya yi ƙasa. Wannan yana nuna cewa kuzarin haske yana zuwa a cikin "ɗigon" (photons), maimakon rafi mai ci gaba kamar yadda aka zata a cikin samfurin raƙuman ruwa na gargajiya.
A ƙarshe, haske yana da nau'i biyu na raƙuman ruwa da barbashi: a wasu yanayi yana aiki kamar raƙuman ruwa, kuma a wasu yanayi kamar barbashi.
4. Hulɗar Haske da Ma'adinai
Idan haske ya haɗu da wani abu, abubuwa da dama na iya faruwa: ana iya nuna shi, a juya shi, a sha shi, ko kuma a watsa shi. Wannan hali ya dogara ne da halayen kayan da kuma tsawon hasken.
a. Tunani
Tunani yana faruwa ne lokacin da haske ya tashi daga saman wani abu, kamar madubi. Dokar tunani tana cewa:
– Kusurwar faruwa = kusurwar tunani
– Hasken da ya faru, layin da aka saba gani, da kuma hasken da aka nuna suna cikin jirgin sama ɗaya.
Nazari zai iya zama:
– Na yau da kullun (mai ban mamaki): saman santsi kamar madubi, yana samar da hoto mai haske.
– Yaɗuwa: saman da ke da tauri kamar takarda, suna nunawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban don kada a sami inuwa mai kaifi.
b. Rarrabuwa
Rarraba haske shine canjin alkiblar haske yayin da yake ratsawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban guda biyu, misali daga iska zuwa ruwa. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda saurin haske yana canzawa a cikin hanyoyin sadarwa daban-daban. An bayyana ma'aunin rarrafe (n) kamar haka:
n=c/v
inda v shine saurin haske a cikin matsakaici.
Ragewar ruwa yana bayyana abubuwan da ke faruwa a kullum: bambaro yana bayyana a lanƙwasa idan aka sanya shi a cikin gilashin ruwa, ko kuma ƙasan wurin wanka ya yi kama da ƙasa da yadda yake a zahiri.
c. Watsawa
Watsawa shine rabuwar haske zuwa launuka daban-daban saboda bambance-bambancen rabe-raben haske ga nau'ikan raƙuman ruwa daban-daban. Prisms sun kasance suna raba haske fari zuwa launuka daban-daban tun bayan gwaje-gwajen Newton. Bakan gizo kuma sakamakon warwatsewa da rabewar hasken rana ta hanyar digo na ruwa a cikin sararin samaniya.
d. Sha da fitar da hayaki
Abubuwa na iya shan wani makamashin haske; wannan makamashin sau da yawa ana mayar da shi zafi. Akasin haka, abubuwa kuma suna iya fitar da haske (haske), kamar kwararan fitila ko taurari masu haske. A sikelin atomic, hayaki yana faruwa ne lokacin da electrons ke motsawa daga matakin makamashi mai girma zuwa ƙaramin matakin makamashi kuma suna fitar da photons.
5. Rarrabuwa Mai Sauƙi
Polarization wata siffa ce da ke nuna alkiblar girgizar filin lantarki a cikin raƙuman haske. Hasken halitta (misali, daga Rana) yawanci ba shi da polarization, ma'ana alkiblar girgizarsa bazuwar ce. Duk da haka, ana iya polarization haske ta hanyar matattarar polarizing ko ta hanyar nuni a wani takamaiman kusurwa.
Polarization yana da amfani da yawa: Gilashin Polaroid suna rage haske, allon LCD suna amfani da ƙa'idar polarization, kuma a kimiyyar lissafi ta zamani polarization yana taimakawa wajen nazarin abu da ilmin taurari.
6. Bambanci da Tsangwama: Shaidar Yanayin Raƙuman Ruwa
Abubuwa biyu masu muhimmanci da ke nuna ɓangaren hasken rana sune:
– Tsangwama: ƙarfafawa ko raunana haske lokacin da raƙuman ruwa biyu suka haɗu. Misali, yanayin haske-duhu a cikin gwajin da Young ya yi na raba haske biyu.
– Diffraction: lanƙwasa haske yayin da yake wucewa ta cikin wani kunkuntar buɗewa ko gefen wani abu. Wannan yana bayyana dalilin da yasa inuwa ba koyaushe take da gefuna masu kaifi ba.
Gwajin da aka yi ta hanyar rabawa biyu ya shahara da nuna tsarin tsangwama mai ƙarfi. Ko da lokacin da aka harba photons ɗaya bayan ɗaya, tsarin tsangwama yana ci gaba bayan da photons da yawa suka taru. Wannan yana nuna wani keɓantaccen siffa ta quantum: ba za a iya kwatanta haske kawai a matsayin barbashi na gargajiya ko raƙuman gargajiya ba.
7. Amfani da Ra'ayin Haske a Fasaha
Fahimtar haske ta haifar da fasahohin zamani da yawa, misali:
- Ruwan tabarau da na gani: gilashi, na'urar hangen nesa, na'urorin hangen nesa.
– Laser: ana amfani da shi a ayyukan likitanci, yanke masana'antu, na'urorin daukar hoto na barcode, sadarwa, da bincike.
- Fiber na gani: yana aika bayanai ta intanet ta amfani da haske tare da ƙarancin asara ta hanyar cikakken tunani na ciki.
– Kyamarori da na'urori masu auna sigina: CCD/CMOS suna canza photons zuwa siginar lantarki, suna amfani da tasirin quantum.
Fasaha tana aiki ne saboda mun fahimci yadda haske ke tafiya, yake mu'amala da kayan aiki, da kuma yadda yake ɗaukar makamashi.
Kammalawa
Haske wani abu ne mai cike da abubuwa masu mahimmanci a fannin kimiyyar lissafi: wani nau'in lantarki ne mai sauri wanda ya ƙunshi photons, adadin kuzari. Ta amfani da ra'ayoyin tsawon rai, mita, ma'aunin haske, tunani, refraction, interference, diffraction, da polarization, za mu iya bayyana abubuwa da yawa na halitta da kuma tsara muhimman fasahohi. Fahimtar ainihin kimiyyar haske yana nufin fahimtar ɗaya daga cikin "harsuna" na asali na duniya - haɗa sikelin atomic, rayuwar yau da kullun, da sararin samaniya.
Idan kuna so, zan iya ƙara misalai na ra'ayoyin (misali zane-zanen refraction, bakan lantarki, ko gwajin da aka yanke sau biyu) ko ƙirƙirar sigar da ta fi shahara ta labarin ga ɗaliban makarantar sakandare/makarantar sakandare.
