Ka'idojin Asali na Ilimin Lissafi a Kimiyyar Jiragen Sama
Kimiyyar jiragen sama ba wai kawai game da injuna masu ƙarfi ko ƙirar jiragen sama na zamani ba ne; ya kuma dogara ne akan ƙa'idodin kimiyyar lissafi waɗanda ke bayyana yadda jirgin sama zai iya tashi cikin aminci, aminci, da inganci. Daga tashi zuwa sauka, kowane mataki na tashi ya ƙunshi hulɗa mai rikitarwa tsakanin ƙarfi, matsin lamba, kuzari, da yanayin ruwa. Fahimtar tushen kimiyyar kimiyyar jiragen sama yana taimaka mana mu fahimci yadda jiragen sama ke samar da ɗagawa, shawo kan juriyar iska, kiyaye kwanciyar hankali, da kuma adana mai.
1. Manyan Sojoji Hudu da ke Aiki a Jirgin Sama
A cikin tashi, akwai manyan ƙarfi guda huɗu da ke aiki a kan jirgin sama: ɗagawa, nauyi, turawa, da ja. Waɗannan huɗun suna hulɗa don tantance ko jirgin zai hau, sauka, hanzartawa, ko rage gudu.
1. Ɗagawa ita ce ƙarfin sama da fikafikan jirgin ke samarwa don rage nauyin jirgin. Ɗagawar dole ne ta yi girma sosai don ɗaga jirgin daga titin jirgin sama da kuma riƙe shi a sararin samaniya.
2. Nauyi shine ƙarfin nauyi da ke jan jirgin ƙasa. Girman nauyin jirgin (gami da fasinjoji, kaya, da mai), girman wannan ƙarfin.
3. Tura shine ƙarfin turawa gaba da injin ke samarwa, ko injin propeller ko injin jet. Tura wajibi ne don cimma da kuma kiyaye gudu.
4. Jawo shine ƙarfin juriyar iska wanda ke adawa da motsi na gaba na jirgin sama. Jawo yana ƙaruwa yayin da jirgin ke tashi da sauri ko kuma lokacin da siffar jirgin ba ta da ƙarfi sosai.
Jirgin sama mai ƙarfi yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka daidaita ɗagawa da nauyi, kuma aka daidaita turawa da ja. Idan ƙarfi ɗaya ya mamaye jirgin, jirgin zai fuskanci canjin motsi.
2. Aerodynamics da Tsarin Samar da Ɗagawa
Sau da yawa ana bayyana ɗagawa ta hanyar ra'ayoyi guda biyu masu dacewa: bambance-bambancen matsi da karkatar da iska (ƙasa). Fikafikan jirgin sama suna da siffa ta musamman da ake kira airfoil, yawanci suna lanƙwasa a sama kuma suna faɗi a ƙasa. Yayin da iska ke gudana a kusa da airfoil, canje-canje a cikin gudu da matsin lamba suna faruwa.
Bisa ga ka'idodin yanayin ruwa, idan iska ta yi sauri, matsin lambarsa yana raguwa. A kan fikafikai, ɓangaren sama na iskar na iya samun ƙaramin matsin lamba, yayin da ɓangaren ƙasan ke da babban matsin lamba. Wannan bambancin matsin lamba shine abin da ke haifar da ɗagawa.
Bugu da ƙari, fikafikin kuma yana "tura" iska zuwa ƙasa. A cewar Dokar Newton ta Uku (aiki-reaction), idan fikafikin ya sanya ƙarfin ƙasa a kan iska, iska tana sanya ƙarfin amsawa sama a kan fikafikin. Waɗannan ra'ayoyi biyu ba sa sabani, amma ra'ayoyi biyu ne kan bayyana irin wannan lamari.
Hakanan kusurwar harin, kusurwar da ke tsakanin fikafikan da kuma alkiblar iskar iska, tana shafar ɗagawa. Babban kusurwar harin yawanci yana ƙara ɗagawa zuwa wani mataki. Idan kusurwar harin ta yi girma sosai, iskar iskar za ta iya rabuwa daga saman fikafikan ta haifar da tsayawa (rashin ɗagawa sosai).
3. Matsi, Gudu, da Tsawo: Matsayin Yanayi
Yanayin yanayi yana tasiri sosai ga aikin tashi. Yayin da tsayi ke ƙaruwa, yawan iska gabaɗaya yana raguwa. Yawan iska yana shafar ɗagawa da turawa (ga wani injin). Don samar da ɗagawa iri ɗaya a cikin iska mai siriri, jirgin sama dole ne ya tashi da sauri ko ya yi amfani da takamaiman tsarin fikafikai, kamar lanƙwasa.
Zafin jiki ma yana taka rawa. Iska mai zafi gabaɗaya ba ta da kauri kamar iska mai sanyi. Shi ya sa a filayen jirgin sama masu zafi ko kuma a wurare masu tsayi, jiragen sama galibi suna buƙatar dogayen hanyoyin jirgin sama don tashi. Matuƙan jirgi da masu tsara jirgin suna la'akari da wannan ta hanyar ra'ayoyi kamar tsayin daka, tsayin daka "daidai" wanda ke nuna ainihin yawan iska.
4. Jawo da Yadda Jiragen Sama Ke Rage Shi
Jawo (Jawo) babban abu ne wajen tantance ingancin mai. Gabaɗaya, ja (Jawo) ya kasu kashi biyu:
1. Jawowar ƙwayoyin cuta, wadda ke faruwa saboda gogayya ta iska a saman jirgin sama da kuma siffar jirgin, wanda ke "hana" kwararar. Jawowar ƙwayoyin cuta yana ƙaruwa sosai tare da ƙaruwar gudu.
2. Jawo da aka jawo, wanda ke faruwa sakamakon samar da ɗagawa. Lokacin da fikafikan suka samar da ɗagawa, vortices suna samuwa a ƙarshen fikafikan, suna ƙaruwa da jan hankali. Jawo da aka jawo yawanci yakan fi bayyana a ƙananan gudu (misali, lokacin tashi da sauka).
Domin rage jan hankali, ƙirar jiragen sama tana amfani da siffofi na iska, saman da ke da santsi, da na'urori kamar fikafikai a kan fikafikai don rage girgizar ƙasa. A lokacin tafiyar jirgin ruwa, ana sarrafa jiragen sama a haɗe da gudu da tsayi wanda ke rage yawan jan da amfani da mai.
5. Tura: Injina da Ka'idojin Aiki-Rage Ra'ayi
Injinan jiragen sama suna samar da tururi bisa ga ka'idojin kiyaye saurin aiki da kuma martanin aiki. A cikin injin jet, iska tana shiga ta hanyar shiga, ana matse ta, ana gauraya ta da mai, sannan a ƙone ta, sannan iskar gas mai zafi da sauri ake fitar da ita zuwa baya. Tura gaba tana tasowa ne a matsayin martani ga saurin iskar da ke dawowa.
A cikin jiragen sama masu tuka propeller, propeller yana aiki kamar "fikafikan juyawa" wanda ke hanzarta kwararar iska baya, yana samar da turawa gaba. Dukansu jiragen sama da jiragen sama masu tuka propeller suna amfani da manufar motsi : girman yawan iska mai sauri ko kuma girman canjin gudu, girman turawar da ake samarwa.
Ingancin injin ya dogara ne da yanayin aiki. Injinan jet galibi suna da inganci sosai a manyan gudu da kuma tsayin tafiya, yayin da injinan propeller sun fi dacewa da ƙananan gudu da kuma gajerun jiragen sama.
6. Kwanciyar Hankali da Kulawa: Daidaita Motsin Jirgin Sama
Kwanciyar hankali a cikin jirgin sama ya ƙunshi manyan hanyoyi uku:
1. Hanci sama da ƙasa, wanda lif ke sarrafa shi a kan wutsiyar kwance.
2. Mirgina (juya hagu zuwa dama), wanda ailerons ke sarrafa shi.
3. Yaw (hanci yana juyawa hagu zuwa dama), wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon da ke kan wutsiyar tsaye.
Waɗannan saman sarrafawa suna canza rarrabawar ƙarfin iska don ba da damar jirgin ya motsa. Misali, ailerons suna sa fikafiki ɗaya ya samar da ƙarin ɗagawa fiye da ɗayan, wanda ke sa jirgin ya juya a kusa da axis ɗinsa na birgima.
Haka kuma, daidaiton yana faruwa ne sakamakon matsayin cibiyar nauyi da kuma tsakiyar matsin lamba. An tsara jiragen sama don su koma ga daidaito bayan ƙananan matsaloli, kamar hayaniyar yanayi. Duk da haka, a wasu jiragen sama na zamani, ana iya rage kwanciyar hankali "na halitta" don ƙara saurin aiki, tare da taimakon tsarin sarrafa lantarki kamar tashi-da-waya.
7. Makamashi, Gudu, da Gudanar da Tashi
Ana iya fahimtar kimiyyar tashi ta hanyar manufar makamashi. Jirgin sama yana da kuzarin motsi (saboda gudu) da kuma kuzari mai yuwuwa (saboda tsayi). Matuƙan jirgi kusan suna "mayar da" waɗannan kuzarin guda biyu: lokacin da jirgin sama ya hau, kuzarin motsi na iya raguwa idan ba a ƙara ƙarfin turawa ba; akasin haka, lokacin saukowa, jirgin sama na iya hanzarta idan ba a ƙara jan hankali ba.
Gudanar da makamashi yana da matuƙar muhimmanci musamman a lokacin da ake kusantar wurin da kuma lokacin saukar jirgin. Dole ne jirgin ya kiyaye isasshen gudu don guje wa tsayawa, amma ba da sauri sosai don ba da damar sauka lafiya. Layukan da ke taimakawa wajen ƙara ɗagawa a ƙananan gudu, yayin da masu lalata da birki na iska ke ƙara jan hankali, wanda ke ba jirgin damar rage gudu da tsayi ta hanyar da aka tsara.
Penutup
Jirgin sama babban misali ne na yadda kimiyyar lissafi ke aiki a babban sikelin kuma tare da cikakken daidaito. Manyan ƙarfi guda huɗu—ɗagawa, nauyi, turawa, da ja—su ne ginshiƙin fahimtar yadda jirgin sama ke tashi, tafiya, motsawa, da sauka. A bayan waɗannan ƙarfin akwai iskar iska ta fikafikai, yanayin yanayi, aikin injin da ke motsawa ta hanyar motsi, da kuma ƙa'idodin kwanciyar hankali da iko waɗanda ke tabbatar da amincin jirgin. Ta hanyar fahimtar muhimman ƙa'idodin kimiyyar lissafi a cikin jirgin sama, muna ganin jiragen sama ba kawai a matsayin fasaha mai zurfi ba, amma a matsayin tsarin da ke amfani da dokokin yanayi ta hanyar lissafi mai kyau da ƙira mai kyau.
