Aikace-aikacen Ilimin Lissafi a Kimiyyar Shari'a
Kimiyyar binciken laifuka fanni ne da ke haɗa kimiyya da doka don gano gaskiyar abin da ya faru, musamman laifi. Daga cikin sassa daban-daban na kimiyya waɗanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa, kimiyyar lissafi tana da matsayi mai mahimmanci saboda tana samar da tsarin adadi don aunawa, yin koyi da abubuwa, da sake gina abubuwan da suka faru da gangan. Daga nazarin yanayin jini zuwa sake gina haɗarin zirga-zirga, kimiyyar lissafi tana taimaka wa masu bincike su amsa muhimman tambayoyi: abin da ya faru, yadda ya faru, lokacin da ya faru, da kuma inda ya samo asali. Wannan labarin ya tattauna aikace-aikacen kimiyyar lissafi daban-daban a kimiyyar binciken laifuka da kuma yadda ake amfani da ƙa'idodinta a aikace.
1. Injini: Karo da Sake Gina Motsi
Sashen kimiyyar lissafi da aka fi samu a shari'o'in binciken kimiyya shine makanikai na gargajiya—musamman kinematics (motsi) da dynamics (ƙarfi). A cikin sake gina haɗarin mota, masu bincike suna nazarin alamun birki, lalacewar jikin abin hawa, matsayin abin hawa na ƙarshe, da yanayin hanya don kimanta saurin da ya riga ya faru. Ana amfani da ra'ayoyi kamar dokokin Newton, kiyaye ƙarfin motsi, da kuzarin motsi don yin kimantawa mai inganci.
Misali, idan akwai hanyoyin birki na wani tsayi, masu bincike za su iya kimanta saurin farko ta hanyar la'akari da yawan gogayya tsakanin tayoyin da saman hanya. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin karo tsakanin motoci biyu, kiyaye saurin yana taimakawa wajen kimanta alkibla da girman saurin kowace mota kafin tasiri. Duk da cewa sakamakon yakan bambanta (saboda rashin tabbas na bayanai), wannan hanyar tana ba da damar sake ginawa mai ƙarfi fiye da shaidar kawai.
Ana kuma amfani da injina don nazarin hanyoyin harbawa da abubuwan da ke faɗuwa. Misali, idan mutum ya faɗi daga tsayi, masu bincike za su iya tantance ko matsayin jiki da nisan da ke tsakanin wurin da abin ya faru sun yi daidai da faɗuwa sakamakon haɗari, turawa, ko tsalle. Ana danganta bambance-bambance kamar tsayi, lokacin faɗuwa, da nisan kwance ta hanyar lissafin motsi na parabolic.
2. Ƙwallon Ƙwallo: Ilimin Kimiyyar Harsasai da Bindigogi
Binciken kimiyyar lissafi (forensic ballistics) yana amfani da kimiyyar lissafi don fahimtar halayen harsashi tun daga lokacin da aka harba shi har sai ya kai hari ga wani hari. Akwai manyan matakai guda uku: ballistics na ciki (cikin ganga), ballistics na waje (trajectory a cikin iska), da ballistics na ƙarshe (hulɗa da abin da aka nufa). Physics ya bayyana yadda matsin lamba na iska ke tura harsashin, yadda juriyar iska ke shafar saurinsa, da kuma yadda kuzari da ƙarfin lantarki ke ƙayyade ƙimar shigarsa.
A binciken harbi, masu bincike kan yi kiyasin nisan harbi bisa ga tsarin toka, ragowar harbin bindiga, ko siffar raunin shiga. Ana kuma amfani da nazarin hanya don tantance matsayin mai harbin da wanda aka kashe. Misali, ana iya kimanta alkiblar harsashin daga ramin harsashi a bango, gilashi, ko wani abu, sannan a iya tsara hanyar da za a bi don kimanta wurin da asalin ya fito.
Bugu da ƙari, nazarin lalacewar harsashi da gutsuttsuran sa yana da alaƙa da manufofin makamashi, sassauci, da kayan aiki. Harsasai masu kai hari kan saman tauri na iya yin rikitowa ko tarwatsewa, kuma waɗannan halaye suna taimakawa wajen gano nau'in harsasai ko yanayin harbi.
3. Na'urorin gani: Dubawa, Hoto, da Binciken Shaida
Na'urar hangen nesa (Optics) tana da amfani mai yawa a fannin binciken kimiyya domin ba a iya ganin shaidu da yawa a ido tsirara. Dabaru na daukar hoto ta amfani da hasken ultraviolet (UV), da hasken infrared (IR) na iya bayyana tarkace, rubuce-rubucen da aka goge, ko tsare-tsare da aka boye. Misali, ana amfani da UV sau da yawa don bayyana wasu ruwaye na halitta, yayin da IR ke da tasiri wajen karanta rubutu a kan takardu da aka rufe da wasu tawada.
Ana amfani da na'urar duba hoto ta microscopy—wanda kuma aka gina shi bisa ƙa'idodin gani—don yin nazarin zare-zaren yadi, gashi, gilashin da ya karye, da sauran ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Ta amfani da takamaiman dabarun ƙara girma da haske, masu bincike za su iya kwatanta tsare-tsare, tsari, da halaye na kayan da ke ƙarfafa alaƙar da ke tsakanin waɗanda ake zargi, waɗanda abin ya shafa, da kuma wuraren da aka aikata laifuka.
Fannin na'urorin gani ya kuma ƙunshi na'urar daukar hoto ta forensic photogrammetry, amfani da hotuna ko bidiyo don auna nisan da girman abubuwa. A zamanin CCTV da wayoyin hannu, na'urar daukar hoto tana taimakawa wajen tantance tsayin mutum, saurin abin hawa, har ma da matsayin abubuwa a wurin da aka aikata laifi ta hanyar amfani da hangen nesa da daidaita sikelin.
4. Siffar Sauti: Nazarin Sauti da Rikodi
Ilimin kimiyyar sauti (acoustics) yana taka rawa wajen nazarin rikodin sauti, misali, wajen binciken barazanar waya, tattaunawa da aka yi rikodi, ko shaidar sauti daga wuraren aikata laifuka. Binciken mitar sauti na iya taimakawa wajen gano tushen sauti, bambance tsakanin muryoyin ɗan adam da hayaniya, da kuma kimanta yiwuwar sarrafa rikodi.
A yanayin harbin bindiga, ana iya amfani da sautin murya don kimanta nisan da wurin harbin bindiga bisa ga lokutan isowar sautin fashewar a makirufo da yawa (misali, a wasu tsarin firikwensin). Ka'idar tana kama da wurin da aka samo asalin sautin: ana amfani da bambancin lokutan isowar sautin a wurare da yawa don kimanta wurin da tushen yake.
5. Tsarin Thermodynamics da Canja wurin Zafi: Kimanta Lokacin Mutuwa
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan binciken kimiyya shine kimanta lokacin mutuwa (tazara bayan mutuwa). Thermodynamics da kuma ra'ayin canja wurin zafi suna taimakawa wajen hanyoyin ƙiyastawa bisa ga raguwar zafin jiki (algor mortis). Jikin ɗan adam wanda ba ya sake samar da zafi zai saba da yanayin zafi na yanayi ta hanyar watsawa, watsawa, da kuma hasken rana.
Duk da haka, wannan kimantawa ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba saboda yana da tasiri daga abubuwa da yawa: yanayin zafi na muhalli, tufafi, nauyin jiki, danshi, iskar iska, da kuma saman da jikin ke kai. Saboda haka, masu bincike galibi suna amfani da samfuran da ke haɗa bayanan muhalli da ma'aunin zafin jiki a wurare daban-daban na jiki. Ilimin kimiyyar lissafi yana taimakawa wajen sa waɗannan samfuran su zama masu tsari, kodayake har yanzu suna buƙatar haɗa su da sauran binciken likita.
6. Kayan Aiki da Injinan Kayan Aiki: Gilashin da ya lalace, Fenti, da Alamun Kayan Aiki
Ilimin kimiyyar kayan aiki yana taimakawa wajen amsa tambayoyi kamar: daga ina gutsuttsuran gilashin suke fitowa? Shin gilashin yana karyewa daga ciki ko waje? Binciken karyewar gilashi yana amfani da ra'ayoyin yanayin damuwa, damuwa, da kuma yanayin karyewa. Misali, tsagewar radial da concentric a cikin gilashi na iya ba da alamu game da alkiblar ƙarfi da kuma jerin tasirin.
A cikin lokutan da aka buga da gudu, ana iya bincika guntun fenti na abin hawa don layuka, abubuwan da suka ƙunsa, da kuma halayensu na nuna haske. Duk da cewa sinadarai galibi suna mamaye abubuwan da ke cikin abun, kimiyyar lissafi tana taka rawa wajen nazarin tsarin Layer, halayen gani, da kuma makanikan lalacewar tasirin.
Ana iya yin nazarin alamun kayan aiki ta amfani da hanyar zahiri. Idan aka yi amfani da sukudireba ko sandar ƙarfe don yin bincike, saman yana barin tsarin karce wanda ke nuna yanayin kayan aikin da ƙarfin da aka yi amfani da shi. Ta amfani da na'urar hangen nesa da hoton 3D, masu bincike suna kwatanta waɗannan alamu don tantance dacewarsu.
7. Injiniyan Radiation da Nukiliya: Ganowa da Ganowa
A wasu lokuta, gano radiation yana da mahimmanci, misali a cikin fasa kwaurin kayan rediyoaktif ko binciken fallasa radiation. Ana amfani da ƙa'idodin kimiyyar nukiliya don auna nau'in radiation (alpha, beta, gamma), ƙarfinsa, da tushensa. Kayan aiki kamar na'urorin gano Geiger-Müller ko na'urorin auna gamma suna taimakawa wajen gano takamaiman isotopes.
Ana kuma amfani da dabarun daukar hoton X-ray a binciken kimiyya, misali, don duba abubuwan da ba a gani a jiki, nazarin kasusuwa, ko duba fakiti ba tare da bude su ba. Wannan yana da matukar muhimmanci ga tsaro da kuma kiyaye sahihancin shaidu.
8. Sarrafa Sigina da Kwamfuta: Shaidar Dijital da Bidiyon Bincike
Duk da cewa galibi ana kiransa da ilimin bayanai, dabarun sarrafa sigina da yawa sun samo asali ne daga kimiyyar lissafi da lissafi. Binciken bidiyon bincike ya ƙunshi haɓaka hoto, daidaita shi, rage hayaniya, da kimanta motsi. Duk wannan yana taimakawa wajen tace bayanan da ba a fayyace su ba a baya, kamar fuskar mai laifin, lambar lambar mota, ko bayanan motsi.
Bugu da ƙari, yin nazarin "rufe mai birgima" akan kyamarorin wayar hannu ko kyamarorin CCTV na iya taimakawa wajen auna takamaiman mitoci na haske, har ma a wasu lokuta kimanta lokacin wani abu dangane da walƙiyar haske ko halayen hanyar sadarwa ta lantarki. Wannan yana nuna yadda fasahar zamani ke da alaƙa da ra'ayoyin raƙuman ruwa da kimiyyar sigina.
Kammalawa
Ilimin kimiyyar lissafi a kimiyyar binciken laifuka yana aiki a matsayin "mai tabbatar da gaskiya," yana taimakawa wajen canza shaida zuwa bayanai masu tsari da za a iya gwadawa. Tare da makanikai, masu bincike za su iya sake gina haɗurra da motsi; tare da fasahar ballistic, suna tantance hanyar da tasirin bindigogi; tare da na'urorin gani da sauti, suna gano shaidu da aka ɓoye a cikin haske da sauti; tare da na'urorin thermodynamics, suna kimanta lokacin mutuwa; tare da na'urorin kimiyyar lissafi, suna fassara karyewar abubuwa da alamunsu; kuma tare da radiation da kwamfuta, suna faɗaɗa ƙwarewar ganowa zuwa matakan da ba a gani ba.
A ƙarshe, kimiyyar lissafi ba ta tsaya shi kaɗai ba. Tana aiki tare da ilimin halittu, sinadarai, likitancin bincike, da doka. Amma gudummawar da take bayarwa ta bambanta: daidaiton adadi, samfuran da za a iya gwadawa, da kuma hanyar da ta dogara da doka ta halitta. A duniyar binciken kimiyya, wanda ke buƙatar daidaito da daidaito, kimiyyar lissafi muhimmin tushe ne na tabbatar da adalci.
