Tambayoyi da Tattaunawa kan Rage Matsi na Tururi na Magani
Rage matsin lamba na tururin wani magani (Rage matsin lamba na tururin) siffa ce ta haɗin gwiwa ta mafita, wanda ya dogara ne kawai akan adadin barbashi da aka narkar ba wai akan yanayin sinadarai na waɗannan barbashi ba. Don sauƙaƙe fahimta, za mu tattauna wannan ra'ayi ta hanyar misalai da tattaunawa dalla-dalla.
Asali na Rage Matsi na Tururi
Idan aka narkar da wani abu mai canzawa a cikin wani abu mai narkewa don samar da mafita, matsin lamba na tururin maganin yawanci yana ƙasa da matsin lamba na tururin sinadarin tsarkakewa a daidai zafin jiki. Wannan lamari ana kiransa da rage matsin lamba na tururi. Babban dalilin wannan tsari shine kasancewar ƙwayoyin narkewa, wanda ke rage yuwuwar ƙwayoyin narkewa su shiga cikin yanayin iskar gas, don haka rage matsin lamba na tururin.
Ana iya ƙididdige wannan raguwar matsin lamba ta tururi ta amfani da dabarar:
\[ \Delta P = P^\rubutu{0} – P \]
Ina:
– \( \Delta P \) shine raguwar matsin lamba na tururi.
– \( P^\text{0} \) shine matsin tururin da ke cikin sinadarin mai tsafta.
– \( P \) shine matsin lamba na tururin maganin.
Ana iya bayyana raguwar matsin lamba ta tururi ta amfani da lissafin Raoult kamar haka:
\[ \Delta P = x_{\text{solute}} \cdot P^\text{0} \]
Ina:
– \( x_{\text{solute}} \) shine ɓangaren mole na maganin.
Ga misalan da ke ƙasa, bari mu ɗauka cewa muna da tsantsar mai narkewa da kuma nau'ikan mai narkewa daban-daban a ƙarƙashin yanayi na yau da kullun.
Misali Tambaya ta 1
Tambaya:
A ce muna da maganin da ya ƙunshi gram 10 na urea (NH2CONH2) wanda aka narkar a cikin gram 90 na ruwa. Matsin tururin ruwan tsarki a wani zafin jiki shine 23.76 mmHg. Lissafa matsin tururin ruwan maganin.
Tattaunawa:
Mataki na 1: Lissafa adadin moles na urea da ruwa.
– Molar nauyi na urea (NH\(_2\)CONH\(_2\)): 60 g/mol.
– Adadin moles na urea:
\[ \text{mol urea} = \frac{10\text{ g}}{60\text{ g/mol}} = 0.167 \text{ mol} \]
– Yawan ruwan da ke cikin molar (H\(_2\)O): 18 g/mol.
– Adadin mole na ruwa:
\[ \text{moles na ruwa} = \frac{90\text{ g}}{18\text{ g/mol}} = 5 \text{ mol} \]
Mataki na 2: Lissafa ɓangaren mole na urea.
\[ x_{\text{urea}} = \frac{\text{mole urea}}{\text{mole urea} + \text{mole water}} = \frac{0.167}{0.167 + 5} = 0.0326 \]
Mataki na 3: Lissafa raguwar matsin lamba na tururi.
\[ \Delta P = x_{\text{urea}} \cdot P^\text{0}_{\text{air}} \]
\[ \Delta P = 0.0326 \cdot 23.76 \text{ mmHg} = 0.774 \text{ mmHg} \]
Mataki na 4: Lissafa matsin tururin maganin.
\[ P_{\text{solution}} = P^\text{0}_{\text{water}} – \Delta P \]
\[ P_{\text{solution}} = 23.76 \text{ mmHg} – 0.774 \text{ mmHg} = 22.986 \text{ mmHg} \]
Misali Tambaya ta 2
Tambaya:
Ana shirya maganin ta hanyar narke 58.5 g na sodium chloride (NaCl) a cikin 200 g na ruwa. A ƙididdige matsin lamba na tururin da ke ƙasa a 50°C inda matsin lamba na tururin ruwan tsarki shine 92.5 mmHg.
Tattaunawa:
Mataki na 1: Lissafa adadin moles na NaCl da ruwa.
– NaCl na molar mass: 58.5 g/mol.
– Adadin ƙwayoyin NaCl:
\[ \text{mol NaCl} = \frac{58.5\text{ g}}{58.5\text{ g/mol}} = 1 \text{ mol} \]
– Yawan ruwan da ke cikin molar (H\(_2\)O): 18 g/mol.
– Adadin mole na ruwa:
\[ \text{moles na ruwa} = \frac{200\text{ g}}{18\text{ g/mol}} = 11.11 \text{ mol} \]
Mataki na 2: Ka tuna cewa cikakken ionization na NaCl yana samar da ions 2 a kowace raka'a ta dabara (Na\(^+\) da Cl(^-\)).
\[n_{\text{total}} = n_{\text{NaCl}} \cdot 2 = 1 \cdot 2 = 2 \text{mol ions} \]
Mataki na 3: Lissafa ɓangaren mole na maganin.
\[ x_{\text{NaCl}} = \frac{n_{\text{total}}}{n_{\text{total}} + n_{\text{air}}} = \frac{2}{2 + 11.11} = 0.152 \]
Mataki na 4: Lissafa raguwar matsin lamba na tururi.
\[ \Delta P = x_{\text{NaCl}} \cdot P^\text{0}_{\text{air}} \]
\[ \Delta P = 0.152 \cdot 92.5 \text{ mmHg} = 14.06 \text{ mmHg} \]
Misali Tambaya ta 3
Tambaya:
Idan gram 20 na glucose (C\(_6\)H\(_{12}\)O\(_6\)) sun narke a cikin gram 150 na ruwa, kuma matsin tururin ruwan tsarki a 25°C ya kai 23.8 mmHg, a ƙididdige matsin tururin ruwan maganin.
Tattaunawa:
Mataki na 1: Lissafa adadin moles na glucose da ruwa.
– Yawan glucose na molar: 180 g/mol.
- Yawan ƙwayoyin glucose:
\[ \text{mol glucose} = \frac{20\text{ g}}{180\text{ g/mol}} = 0.111 \text{ mol} \]
– Yawan ruwan da ke cikin molar (H\(_2\)O): 18 g/mol.
– Adadin mole na ruwa:
\[ \text{moles na ruwa} = \frac{150\text{ g}}{18\text{ g/mol}} = 8.33 \text{ mol} \]
Mataki na 2: Lissafa mole na glucose.
\[ x_{\text{glucose}} = \frac{\text{mol glucose}}{\text{mol glucose} + \text{mole water}} = \frac{0.111}{0.111 + 8.33} = 0.0132 \]
Mataki na 3: Lissafa raguwar matsin lamba na tururi.
\[ \Delta P = x_{\text{glucose}} \cdot P^\text{0}_{\text{water}} \]
\[ \Delta P = 0.0132 \cdot 23.8 \text{ mmHg} = 0.314 \text{ mmHg} \]
Mataki na 4: Lissafa matsin tururin maganin.
\[ P_{\text{solution}} = P^\text{0}_{\text{water}} – \Delta P \]
\[ P_{\text{solution}} = 23.8 \text{ mmHg} – 0.314 \text{ mmHg} = 23.486 \text{ mmHg} \]
Penutup
Daga misalan da ke sama, za mu iya ganin cewa rage matsin lamba na tururi na mafita za a iya ƙididdige shi cikin sauƙi idan muka san adadin mole na solute da solvent, da kuma matsin lamba na tururi na tsantsar solvent. Wannan ra'ayi yana da amfani mai yawa, musamman a masana'antun sinadarai da magunguna, inda sarrafa halayen mafita yake da mahimmanci. Fahimtar wannan ra'ayi kuma yana taimakawa wajen ƙarin nazarin halayen thermodynamic na mafita.
