Misali na Tambayoyin Tattaunawar Infrared
Pendahuluan
Infrared wani nau'in igiyar lantarki ne mai tsawon tsayi fiye da hasken da ake iya gani amma ya fi guntu fiye da igiyar rediyo. Infrared yana da aikace-aikace iri-iri, tun daga fasaha da magani har zuwa sadarwa da tsaro. A cikin wannan labarin, za mu tattauna misalai da dama na matsaloli da suka shafi infrared da kuma bayaninsu don samar da fahimtar wannan ra'ayi.
Ka'idar Infrared ta Asali
Infrared yana da tsawon tsayin da ya kama daga nanometer 700 (nm) zuwa milimita 1 (mm). William Herschel ne ya gano wannan tsawon tsayin a shekarar 1800 yayin da yake gudanar da gwaje-gwaje don auna zafin launuka daban-daban a cikin hasken. Ya gano cewa yankuna a wajen jajayen bakan, waɗanda idon ɗan adam ba ya iya gani, a zahiri suna da yanayin zafi mafi girma.
An raba infrared zuwa nau'i daban-daban dangane da tsawonsa:
1. Kusa da Infrared (NIR): 700 nm – 1.4 µm
2. Matsakaici Infrared (Tsakiyar Infrared, MIR): 1.4 µm – 3 µm
3. Infrared Mai Nisa (FIR): 3 µm – 1 mm
Na'urori kamar kyamarorin infrared ko thermography, na'urorin sarrafawa na nesa, da sadarwa ta fiber-optic suna amfani da fasahar infrared don dalilai daban-daban. Hakanan ana iya amfani da hasken infrared don nazarin abubuwan da ke cikin kayan ta hanyar infrared spectroscopy.
Tambayoyi da Tattaunawa Samfura
Tambaya ta 1
Tambaya:
Na'urar nesa ta talabijin tana amfani da infrared don aika sigina zuwa talabijin. Idan tsawon infrared da aka yi amfani da shi shine 950 nm kuma saurin haske shine ‑(sau 3 10^8 \) m/s, menene mitar raƙuman infrared?
Tattaunawa:
Ana iya ƙididdige mitar raƙuman lantarki ta amfani da dabarar asali ta alaƙar da ke tsakanin tsawon rai (\(\lambda\)) da mita (f):
\[ f = \frac{c}{\lambda} \]
tare da:
– \( f \) = mita (Hz)
– \( c \) = saurin haske (\(sau 3 10^8 \) m/s)
– \( \lambda \) = tsawon tsayi (m)
A cikin wannan tambayar, ana bayar da tsawon tsayin tsayi (\(\lambda\)) a cikin nanometers (nm), don haka juyawa zuwa mita (m) ya zama dole:
\[ 950 \, nm = 950 \sau 10^{-9} \, m \]
Yanzu mun maye gurbin waɗannan dabi'u a cikin dabarar:
\[ f = \frac{3 \sau 10^8 \, m/s}{950 \sau 10^{-9} \, m} = 3.16 \sau 10^{14} Hz \]
Don haka, mitar raƙuman infrared shine Hz (3.16 sau 10^{14}).
Tambaya ta 2
Tambaya:
Ana amfani da kyamarar infrared don gano hasken zafi daga wani abu. Kyamarar tana da na'urar gano haske mai saurin ratsawa tsakanin micrometers 8 (µm) da 14 µm. Wane mita na hasken da kyamarar za ta iya ganowa?
Tattaunawa:
Don ƙididdige matsakaicin mita da mafi ƙarancin mita, muna amfani da dabarar iri ɗaya kamar yadda yake a cikin tambayar da ta gabata:
\[ f = \frac{c}{\lambda} \]
Da farko, canza tsawon tsayin daga micrometers (µm) zuwa mita (m):
\[ 8 \, µm = 8 \sau 10^{-6} \, m \]
\[ 14 \, µm = 14 \sau 10^{-6} \, m \]
Yanzu ƙididdige matsakaicin mita (\( f_{max} \)) da mafi ƙarancin mita (\( f_{min} \)):
\[ f_{max} = \frac{3 \sau 10^8 \, m/s}{8 \sau 10^{-6} \, m} = 3.75 \sau 10^{13} Hz \]
\[ f_{min} = \frac{3 \sau 10^8 \, m/s}{14 \sau 10^{-6} \, m} = 2.14 \sau 10^{13} Hz \]
Don haka, kewayon mitar da kyamarar infrared za ta iya ganowa shine Hz (2.14 sau 10^{13} \) zuwa Hz (3.75 sau 10^{13} \) Hz.
Tambaya ta 3
Tambaya:
Wani abu yana fitar da hasken infrared mai ƙarfi sosai a tsawon raƙuman ruwa na 10 µm. Dangane da dokar ƙaura ta Wien, ƙayyade zafin abin. Yi amfani da madaidaicin Wien (\(b\)) na \(2.898 \sau 10^{-3} \, m \cdot K\).
Tattaunawa:
Dokar ƙaura ta Wien ta bayyana cewa samfurin tsawon raƙuman ruwa wanda matsakaicin ƙarfin radiation ke faruwa (\(\lambda_{max}\)) da kuma cikakken zafin jiki (T) na abu shine mai daidaito:
\[ \lambda_{max} \cdot T = b \]
tare da:
– \(\lambda_{max}\) = tsawon tsayin matsakaicin ƙarfi (m)
– T = zafin abu (K)
– \(b\) = Madaidaitan Wien (\(2.898 \sau 10^{-3} \, m \cdot K\))
An san cewa \(\lambda_{max}\) shine 10 µm, wanda ake buƙatar a canza shi zuwa mita:
\[ 10 \, µm = 10 \sau 10^{-6} \, m \]
Yanzu maye gurbin waɗannan dabi'u a cikin dabarar:
\[ sau 10 10^{-6} \, m \cdot T = 2.898 \ sau 10^{-3} \, m \cdot K \]
Mafita ga T shine:
\[ T = \frac{2.898 \sau 10^{-3} \, m \cdot K}{10 \sau 10^{-6} \, m} = 289.8 \, K \]
Don haka, zafin jiki na abu shine 289.8 K.
Tambaya ta 4
Tambaya:
Ka lura da wani nau'in infrared na wani sinadari na halitta kuma ka sami kololuwar sha a 3 µm. Idan kana amfani da infrared spectroscopy, wane irin haɗin sinadarai ne zai iya haifar da wannan kololuwar?
Tattaunawa:
Infrared spectroscopy yana amfani da gaskiyar cewa ƙwayoyin sinadarai suna shan raƙuman infrared a takamaiman raƙuman ruwa waɗanda suka yi daidai da mitoci na girgizar ciki na ƙwayoyin. Takamaiman raƙuman infrared na iya dangantawa da takamaiman nau'ikan haɗin sinadarai:
– Haɗin CH a cikin mahaɗan halitta yawanci yana sha a tsawon raƙuman ruwa kusan 3 µm.
– Haɗin OH a cikin alcohols da carboxylic acid yawanci yana sha kusan 2.7-3.5 µm.
– Hadin NH a cikin amine yawanci yana sha a kusan 3.1-3.3 µm.
Daga bayanin da aka bayar, kololuwar sha a 3 µm wataƙila ya faru ne saboda girgizar CH.
Don haka, wataƙila abin da ke da alhakin kololuwar sha a 3 µm shine haɗin CH a cikin mahaɗin sinadarai na halitta.
Kammalawa
A cikin wannan labarin, mun tattauna misalai da dama na matsaloli da tattaunawa da suka shafi raƙuman infrared. Ta hanyar waɗannan misalan, za mu iya ƙara fahimtar mahimman ra'ayoyi na mita, tsawon rai, da zafin jiki a cikin mahallin hasken infrared, da kuma aikace-aikacensu a cikin spectroscopy. Infrared muhimmin ɓangare ne na bakan lantarki kuma yana da aikace-aikace da yawa a fannoni daban-daban, don haka nazarinsa na iya samar da fahimta mai amfani game da abubuwan da suka faru na halitta da fasaha.
