Tambayoyi Misali Game da Haɗin Covalent
Pendahuluan
Haɗin covalent wani nau'in haɗin sinadarai ne wanda atom biyu ke raba electrons biyu ko fiye don cimma daidaiton electron mai ƙarfi, kamar a cikin iskar gas mai daraja. Wannan haɗin yawanci yana faruwa ne tsakanin atoms marasa ƙarfe waɗanda ke da electronegativities masu yawa kuma ba su da bambanci sosai. Tsarin haɗin covalent yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin sinadarai na halitta da na inorganic kuma shine tushen mahaɗan da yawa da muke haɗuwa kowace rana. A cikin wannan labarin, za mu tattauna misalai da yawa da suka shafi haɗin covalent kuma mu samar da mafita don taimaka mana mu fahimci su sosai.
Tambayoyi da Tattaunawa Samfura
Tambaya ta 1
Kayyade nau'in da adadin haɗin covalent da aka samar a cikin kwayar H2O (ruwa).
Tattaunawa:
Kwayar ruwa ta ƙunshi zarra ɗaya ta iskar oxygen (O) da zarra biyu ta hydrogen (H).
1. Tsarin Electron:
– Iskar Oxygen: 1s² 2s² 2p⁴ (jimillar electrons 8)
– Hydrogen: 1s¹ (jimilla 1 electron)
Oxygen yana buƙatar ƙarin electrons guda biyu don cimma tsarin octet (elektrones guda 8 a cikin mafi kyawun harsashinsa), yayin da kowace kwayar hydrogen tana buƙatar electron guda ɗaya don cimma tsarin duplet (elektrones guda 2 a cikin harsashin K).
2. Samar da Haɗin Covalent:
– Kowace kwayar halittar Hydrogen tana raba lantarki ɗaya da kwayar halittar Oxygen.
– Oxygen yana raba electrons guda biyu da atoms na Hydrogen guda biyu, daya ga kowace atom.
Saboda haka, ana samar da haɗin covalent guda biyu a cikin kwayar H2O, ɗaya tsakanin atom ɗin Oxygen da atom ɗin Hydrogen bi da bi.
Tambaya ta 2
Rubuta tsarin Lewis don kwayar methane (CH₄).
Tattaunawa:
Methane ya ƙunshi atom ɗin carbon guda ɗaya (C) da atom ɗin hydrogen guda huɗu (H).
1. Tsarin Electron:
– Carbon: 1s² 2s² 2p² (jimillar electrons 6)
– Hydrogen: 1s¹ (jimilla 1 electron)
Carbon yana da electrons guda huɗu na valen (2s² 2p²), kuma yana buƙatar ƙarin electrons guda huɗu don isa ga octet guda ɗaya.
2. Samar da Haɗin Covalent:
– Kowace kwayar halittar Hydrogen tana raba lantarki ɗaya da kwayar halittar Carbon.
– Carbon yana raba electrons guda huɗu da atoms ɗin Hydrogen guda huɗu, ɗaya ga kowace atom.
Tsarin Lewis na methane shine kamar haka:
““
H
|
H - C - H
|
H
““
Carbon yana tsakiya tare da haɗin covalent guda huɗu zuwa ga atom ɗin hydrogen guda huɗu.
Tambaya ta 3
Kayyade tsarin Lewis da siffar kwayoyin halitta don carbon dioxide (CO₂).
Tattaunawa:
Carbon dioxide ya ƙunshi zarra ɗaya ta carbon (C) da zarra biyu ta oxygen (O).
1. Tsarin Electron:
– Carbon: 1s² 2s² 2p² (jimillar electrons 6)
– Iskar Oxygen: 1s² 2s² 2p⁴ (jimillar electrons 8)
Carbon yana da electrons guda huɗu na valence, yayin da kowace kwayar oxygen tana da shida. Carbon yana buƙatar ƙarin electrons guda huɗu don octet guda, yayin da kowace kwayar oxygen tana buƙatar ƙarin biyu.
2. Samar da Haɗin Covalent:
– Carbon yana raba electrons guda biyu da kowace kwayar iskar oxygen.
– Ana samar da haɗin covalent guda biyu tsakanin Carbon da kowace Oxygen.
Tsarin Lewis na CO₂ kamar haka:
““
O = C = O
““
Siffar kwayoyin halitta tana layi ne tare da kusurwar haɗin kai ta 180°.
Tambaya ta 4
Lissafa jimillar adadin electrons na valence sannan ka zana tsarin Lewis don kwayar ammonia (NH₃).
Tattaunawa:
Ammonia ya ƙunshi atom nitrogen guda ɗaya (N) da atom hydrogen guda uku (H).
1. Tsarin Electron:
– Nitrogen: 1s² 2s² 2p³ (jimillar electrons 7)
– Hydrogen: 1s¹ (jimilla 1 electron)
Nitrogen yana da electrons guda biyar na valen, yana buƙatar ƙarin electrons guda uku don octet guda ɗaya.
2. Jimillar Yawan Electrons na Valence:
– Nitrogen: 5 valence electrons.
– Hydrogen (atoms 3): electrons 3 (electron 1 a kowace atom).
Jimlar electrons na valence = 5 + 3 = electrons na valence 8.
3. Samar da Haɗin Covalent:
– Nitrogen yana raba lantarki ɗaya da kowace kwayar halittar Hydrogen.
Tsarin Lewis na NH₃ shine:
““
H
|
H – N – H
|
““
Kuma akwai nau'i biyu na free electrons (one pair) a cikin nitrogen.
Tambaya ta 5
Zana kuma bayyana tsarin Lewis don nitrate ion (NO₃⁻).
Tattaunawa:
Nitrate ion wani sinadari ne mai yawan sinadarin polyatomic wanda ke da nitrogen ɗaya (N) da oxygen uku (O), da kuma cajin negative.
1. Tsarin Electron:
– Nitrogen: 1s² 2s² 2p³ (jimillar electrons 7)
– Iskar Oxygen: 1s² 2s² 2p⁴ (jimillar electrons 8)
Nitrogen yana da electrons na valen guda biyar, yayin da kowanne oxygen yana da electrons na valen guda shida.
2. Jimillar Yawan Electrons na Valence:
– Nitrogen: 5 electrons.
– Oxygen (atoms 3): electrons 18 (elektrons 6 a kowace atom).
– Ƙarin saboda ions marasa kyau: 1 electron.
Jimlar electrons na valence = 5 + 18 + 1 = electrons na valence 24.
3. Samar da Haɗin Covalent da Shirye-shiryen Tsarin Lewis:
– Nitrogen yana samar da haɗin kai biyu tare da ɗaya daga cikin ƙwayoyin oxygen da kuma haɗin kai ɗaya da sauran ƙwayoyin oxygen guda biyu.
– Daidaita rarrabawar cajin mara kyau tsakanin ƙwayoyin oxygen guda biyu tare da haɗin kai ɗaya ya ƙunshi resonance.
Tsarin Lewis na NO₃⁻ shine:
““
O
/
ON=O
““
Amma dole ne a ƙara alamar resonance don bayyana rabuwar electron.
Kammalawa
Haɗin Covalent wani muhimmin ra'ayi ne a fannin ilmin sunadarai, inda atoms ke raba electrons don cimma daidaito. Fahimtar yadda ake zana tsarin Lewis, ƙidaya electrons na valence, da kuma tantance siffofi na kwayoyin halitta ƙwarewa ce mai mahimmanci don zurfafa fahimtar hanyoyin sinadarai. Ta hanyar misalan da ke sama, ana fatan masu karatu za su sami fahimtar samuwar da halayen haɗin covalent.
