Inqubo Yokukhiqiza Ipulasitiki Ye-Polystyrene Nokusetshenziswa Kwayo Ekupakisheni Kokudla
Ipulasitiki ye-polystyrene, eyaziwa kangcono ngokuthi i-polystyrene ngesiNgisi, iwuhlobo lwepulasitiki oluguquguqukayo olusetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yezimboni, okuhlanganisa nokupakisha ukudla. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngenqubo yokukhiqiza i-polystyrene kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo ekupakisheni ukudla ngokujulile.
Umlando Omfushane kanye Nesakhiwo Samakhemikhali sePolystyrene
I-Polystyrene yaqala ukwenziwa ngu-Edward Simon ngo-1839. Kodwa-ke, kwaze kwaba ngawo-1930 lapho i-polystyrene yathuthukiswa yaba yinto yokuhweba yinkampani yaseJalimane i-IG Farben. I-Polystyrene iyi-polymer enuka kamnandi eyakhiwe nge-monomer styrene, okuyi-vinylbenzene compound. Isakhiwo sayo samakhemikhali siqukethe amayunithi e-styrene monomer aphindaphindayo:
\[ [-CH_2-CH(C_6H_5)-]_n \]
Lapho i-\(C_6H_5\) iyindandatho ye-phenyl enikeza i-polystyrene izici zayo ezikhethekile njengokuqina nokuqina.
Inqubo Yokukhiqiza I-Polystyrene
1. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Styrene Monomer:
Inqubo yokukhiqiza i-polystyrene iqala ngokukhiqizwa kwe-styrene monomer. I-styrene ikhiqizwa ngokususwa kwe-ethylbenzene, okubandakanya izinyathelo eziningana:
– I-Alkylation ye-benzene: I-Benzene isabela ne-ethylene ukuze yakhe i-ethylbenzene lapho kukhona i-asidi catalyst.
– Ukususwa kwe-ethylbenzene: Okulandelayo, i-ethylbenzene ishiswa ekushiseni okuphezulu (cishe ku-600-650°C) nge-catalyst ye-iron oxide ukukhiqiza i-styrene ne-hydrogen.
2. Ukwenziwa kwe-styrene ibe yi-polymer:
I-styrene ephumayo ibe isifakwa i-polymer ukuze ikhiqize i-polystyrene. Izindlela eziningana ze-polymerization zingasetshenziswa, okuhlanganisa i-mass, suspension, kanye ne-emulsion polymerization. Kodwa-ke, evame kakhulu i-suspension polymerization, ehilela izinyathelo ezilandelayo:
– Ukuqaliswa: I-polymerization iqala ngesiqalisi sama-free radical esibangela i-styrene ukuthi yakhe ama-free radical.
– Ukusabalala: Ama-free radical avela kuma-monomer azodonsela amanye ama-monomer, akhe amaketanga amade e-polymer.
– Ukuphela: Le nqubo iyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho i-polymer ifinyelela ubude bama-molecule obufunwayo futhi ukusabela kuphele.
3. Ukukhipha Nokwakha:
Ngemva kwenqubo yokwenza i-polymerization, i-polystyrene ephumayo iba ngesimo sama-pellet noma ama-granule. Ama-granule e-polystyrene abese omiswa bese encibilikiswa kusetshenziswa umshini wokukhipha. Le nqubo yokukhipha ivumela ukuthi izinto zenziwe zibe yizimo ezahlukahlukene njengoba kudingeka, njengamashidi okupakisha ukudla.
Izicelo ze-Polystyrene Ekupakisheni Ukudla
I-Polystyrene inezinhlobo eziningana ngokusekelwe kwesakhiwo sayo kanye nezakhiwo zayo, okuhlanganisa:
– I-General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS): Inezakhiwo ezicacile neziphuka kalula, ngokuvamile ezisetshenziselwa imikhiqizo elahlwayo njengezipuni zepulasitiki, amafoloko, namapuleti.
– I-High Impact Polystyrene (Ama-HIPS): Yakhiwe ngerabha ye-butadiene, inokumelana okuphezulu futhi isetshenziselwa ukupakisha imikhiqizo edinga ukuqina okwengeziwe.
– I-Expanded Polystyrene Foam (EPS): Le nto inezici ezinhle zokuvikela futhi ilula, isetshenziselwa izitsha zokudla ezifana ne-styrofoam.
Ukupakishwa Kokudla Kwe-Polystyrene
I-Polystyrene isetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yokupakisha ukudla ngezizathu eziningana ezibalulekile, okuhlanganisa isisindo sayo esilula, izindleko eziphansi, kanye nokuguquguquka. Nazi ezinye izindlela ezithile zokusebenzisa i-polystyrene ekupakisheni ukudla:
1. Izitsha Zokudla Okusheshayo:
Enye yezindlela ezivame ukusetshenziswa ngayo iwuhlobo lwezitsha ze-Styrofoam zokudla okusheshayo. Lezi zitsha zinezimfanelo ezinhle zokuvikela, zigcina ukudla kushisa noma kubanda isikhathi eside.
2. Izinkomishi namapuleti epulasitiki:
Izinkomishi, amapuleti, kanye nezinto zokusikela (izipuni, amafoloko) zivame ukwenziwa nge-polystyrene noma ama-HIPS ajwayelekile ngenxa yokucaca kwayo kanye nokumelana nokushayisana.
3. Ukupakishwa Kwenyama Nenhlanzi:
Inyama nenhlanzi zipakishwa kusetshenziswa amathileyi e-polystyrene afakwe ifilimu yepulasitiki. Lawa mathileyi asiza ukugcina umswakama nokuthuthukisa ukubukeka komkhiqizo.
4. Ukupakisha Amaqanda:
Ukufakwa kwamaqanda e-polystyrene foam kusetshenziswa ngenxa yezakhiwo zawo zokumunca ukushaqeka, okunikeza isivikelo esengeziwe samaqanda ekuqhekekeni ngesikhathi sokusabalalisa.
5. Ithreyi Lokudla Neziphuzo:
Amathileyi e-polystyrene avame ukusetshenziselwa ukuphakela ukudla neziphuzo ezindaweni ezifana nama-canteen, izindawo zokudlela, nasemabhokisini okudla endiza.
Izinkinga Zemvelo kanye Nemizamo Yokusebenzisa Kabusha Izinto
Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo eziningi, ukusetshenziswa kwe-polystyrene ekupakisheni ukudla kuphakamisa nokukhathazeka ngemvelo. I-Polystyrene iyinto engaboli, enegalelo enkingeni yemfucuza yepulasitiki ethwala umthwalo emvelweni.
1. Ukunciphisa kanye Nokufaka Esikhundleni:
Ohulumeni abaningi nezinhlangano zemvelo baphokophela ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo ye-polystyrene esetshenziswa kanye kuphela bese beyishintsha ngezinto ezinobungani nemvelo ezifana ne-bioplastics noma amakhadibhodi.
2. Ukuvuselela:
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvuselela i-polystyrene kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekunciphiseni umthelela wayo. Inqubo yokuvuselela ihilela ukuqoqa, ukuhlunga, ukuhlanza, kanye nokucubungula kabusha i-polystyrene ibe imikhiqizo emisha.
3. Ukusungula Izinto Ezintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe:
Kuphinde kuthuthukiswe izinto ezintsha ezahlukahlukene ukuze kwenziwe i-polystyrene ibe nobungane kakhulu nemvelo, okuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obuvumela i-polystyrene ukuthi ibole ngokushesha noma ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa ezivela emithonjeni evuselelekayo.
Isiphetho
I-Polystyrene iyinto ebalulekile embonini yokupakisha ukudla ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo, ulula, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko. Inqubo yayo yokukhiqiza ihilela izigaba eziningana, kusukela ekukhiqizweni kwama-monomers e-styrene kuya ekupholiseni nasekubunjweni kwemikhiqizo yokugcina eyenziwe ngokwezifiso. Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo eziningi, kubalulekile ukuphatha i-polystyrene ngokuhlakanipha ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela wayo omubi emvelweni futhi kusekelwe imizamo yokuvuselela kabusha eqhubekayo.
Ukusetshenziswa okuhlakaniphile, okulandelwa yimizamo emisha yokunciphisa ukuthinteka kwayo kwemvelo, kuyisihluthulelo sokuzinza kokusetshenziswa kwe-polystyrene esikhathini esizayo.
