Izinhlobo zepulasitiki ezivame ukusetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwezingxenye zezimoto kanye nezindlela zazo zokukhiqiza
Imboni yezimoto yanamuhla ayisathembeli ensimbini njengezinto eziyinhloko zazo zonke izingxenye. Amapulasitiki (ama-polymer) asephenduke izinto ezibalulekile ngenxa yokukhiqizwa kwawo okulula, okuguqukayo, okumelana nokugqwala, futhi okungabizi kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwamapulasitiki kusiza ukunciphisa isisindo semoto, okuholela ekusetshenzisweni kukaphethiloli okuphansi noma ukwanda kobubanzi bezimoto zikagesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amapulasitiki avumela ukwakheka kwezingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukuhlanganiswa kwemisebenzi eminingi engxenyeni eyodwa, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwenduduzo njengokunciphisa ukudlidliza nomsindo.
Okulandelayo yizinhlobo zepulasitiki ezivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezingxenye zezimoto kanye nezindlela zokukhiqiza ezivame ukusetshenziswa emafektri.
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1) I-Polypropylene (PP)
Izici eziyinhloko: ukukhanya, ukumelana namakhemikhali, ukuguquguquka, izindleko eziphansi, okulula ukukucubungula.
Izicelo zezimoto: izembozo zebhampa, ukuhlobisa kwangaphakathi, amaphaneli eminyango, izindlu zokuhlunga umoya, izihlangu zangaphansi komzimba, kanye neziqeshana/izibambo ezahlukahlukene. I-PP ivame ukuguqulwa ibe yi-PP egcwele i-talc ukuze kube nokuqina okukhulu kanye nokuqina kobukhulu, noma ihlanganiswe nama-elastomer ukwandisa ukumelana nokushayisana.
Indlela yokukhiqiza:
– Ukubumba ngomjovo: Ama-pellet e-PP ayancibilika bese efakwa ku-mold enomfutho ophezulu. Kufanelekela izingxenye ezinemininingwane eminingi nezibekezelelana kakhulu njengezicucu, ama-clip, kanye nama-housings.
– Ukulungisa ukushisa: Amashidi e-PP ayashiswa aze athambe bese ebumbeka kusetshenziswa isikhunta se-vacuum/press. Le ndlela isetshenziswa kabanzi kumaphaneli okuvikela noma izingxenye ezithile zangaphakathi ezinkulu.
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2) I-Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
Izici eziyinhloko: ukuqina, indawo enhle, kulula ukuyipenda/ukuqeda, ukumelana okuhle nokushayisana.
Izicelo zezimoto: amadeshibhodi, imihlobiso yangaphakathi, izembozo zezibuko zezingxenye ezithile, ama-grille omoya, kanye nezingxenye zobuhle.
Indlela yokukhiqiza:
– Ukubumba ngomjovo: I-ABS ivame ukucutshungulwa ngomjovo ngoba iyakwazi ukukhiqiza izindawo ezibushelelezi kanye nemininingwane ebukhali yomklamo.
– Ukupenda/ukupenda ngemva kwenqubo: izingxenye eziningi ze-ABS zinikezwa izinqubo ezengeziwe njengokupenda noma ukupenda nge-electroplating (isb. ukubukeka kwe-chrome) ukuze zibukeke kahle kakhulu.
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3) I-Polycarbonate (PC) kanye ne-PC/ABS blends
Izici eziyinhloko: I-PC inokumelana okukhulu komthelela kanye nokuqina okuhle kobukhulu; I-PC/ABS ihlanganisa ukuqina kwe-PC kanye nokulula kokucutshungulwa kwe-ABS.
Izinhlelo zokusebenza zezimoto: amalensi ezibani zekhanda, izingxenye zangaphakathi ezidinga amandla akhulisiwe, ama-bezel, kanye nezinye izingxenye ze-pillar noma ze-console.
Indlela yokukhiqiza:
– Ukubumba ngomjovo: kwamalensi kanye nezingxenye ezinembile. Amalensi ezibani ze-PC avame ukudinga ukulawulwa kwenqubo okuqinile ukuvimbela amaphutha okukhanya.
– Ukubopha okuqinile: Amalensi e-PC avame ukumbozwa ngesikhumba esiqinile ukuze kwandiswe ukumelana nokuklwebheka kanye nokumelana ne-UV, njengoba i-PC emsulwa kulula ukuyiklwebheka uma iqhathaniswa nengilazi.
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4) I-Polyamide (i-PA / i-Nylon, isibonelo i-PA6 ne-PA66)
Izici ezibalulekile: amandla, ukumelana nokushisa, ukumelana nokuguguleka, futhi kufanelekile ezindaweni ezisebenza ngomshini. Kodwa-ke, inayiloni imunca umswakama, ngakho-ke izinguquko zobukhulu kumele zicatshangelwe ekwakhiweni. Inayiloni ivame ukuqiniswa ngefayibha yengilazi ukudala i-PA-GF ukuze kwandiswe ukuqina nokumelana nokushisa.
Izicelo zezimoto: i-intake manifold, isembozo senjini, ithangi lokugcina i-radiator, i-thermostat housing, amagiya amancane, izixhumi, kanye nezingxenye eziku-engine compartment.
Indlela yokukhiqiza:
– Ukubumba ngomjovo: indlela evame kakhulu, ikakhulukazi kwi-nylon eqiniswe nge-fiberglass. Le nqubo idinga ukomiswa kwangaphambili kwezinto ngoba i-nylon i-hygroscopic (imunca amanzi), futhi amanzi angabangela ukukhubazeka.
– Ukubumbana: i-nylon ngezinye izikhathi ihlanganiswa ne-elastomer enqubweni yokujova yesigaba esisodwa ukuze kukhiqizwe indawo yokuvala ehlanganisiwe.
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5) I-Polyethylene (PE: HDPE/LDPE)
Izici eziyinhloko: ukumelana namakhemikhali, ukumelana nokushayisana, kulula ukwakheka kwezingxenye ezingenalutho.
Izicelo zezimoto: amathangi amanzi (amadamu okuwasha), amapayipi alula, ama-guard, kanye nakwezinye izinhlelo ezithile zethangi.
Indlela yokukhiqiza:
– Ukubumba ngokuqhuma: Ama-pellet e-PE ancibilikiswa abe yi-parison (ipayipi lepulasitiki elishisayo), bese epheshulwa ngaphakathi kwesikhunta aze anamathele ezindongeni zesikhunta, akhe ingxenye engenalutho. Lokhu kusebenza kakhulu ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi nasemathangini.
– Ukubumba okujikelezayo (i-rotomolding): Impuphu ye-PE ishiswa ku-mold ejikelezayo ukuze kudalwe izingxenye ezigobile, ezinezindonga ezinde; ihamba kancane, kodwa ifanele izimo ezithile kanye nokukhiqiza okuphakathi nendawo.
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6) I-Polyurethane (PU)
Izici eziyinhloko: ukuguquguquka kakhulu ekwakhiweni; kungaba yi-foam ethambile, i-foam eqinile kancane, noma i-elastomer eqinile. Inezakhiwo ezinhle zokudambisa ukudlidliza.
Izicelo zezimoto: igwebu lesihlalo, izindawo zokubeka ikhanda, izindawo zokubeka izingalo, igwebu lesiteringi, izinto zokuhlukanisa i-NVH (umsindo, ukudlidliza, ubukhali), kanye nezinye izivalo nama-bearings.
Indlela yokukhiqiza:
– Ukugqwala (ukusabela kwamakhemikhali): I-PU ivame ukwenziwa ngokusabela kwezingxenye ezimbili (i-polyol ne-isocyanate) ukuze kukhiqizwe igwebu. Ingxube ithululelwa noma ifakwe esikhumbeni, lapho ikhula khona futhi iqine.
– I-RIM (Reaction Injection Molding): inqubo yokujova ephendulayo yokukhiqiza izingxenye ezinomphetho ongcono wobuso kanye nokulawula okunobukhulu obucocekile, okuvame ukusetshenziswa ezingxenyeni eziqinile kancane.
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7) I-Polyvinyl Chloride (i-PVC)
Izici eziyinhloko: ingenziwa iguquguquke, imelane nesimo sezulu, ifanele ukumbozwa nokuvikelwa.
Izicelo zezimoto: izembozo zensimbi, izembozo ezingaphansi, izembozo ezithile zangaphakathi, kanye nokuhlobisa okuguquguqukayo.
Indlela yokukhiqiza:
– Ukukhipha: I-PVC iyancibilikiswa bese icindezelwa ngedayisi ukuze kudalwe amaphrofayili amade njenge-cable sheathing noma i-trim.
– Ukufaka ama-calender/ukunamathisela: ukwenza amashidi/izikhumba ezibe sezinamathiselwa phezu kwe-substrate (isib. amaphaneli angaphakathi).
Qaphela: ukusetshenziswa kwe-PVC ngezinye izikhathi kunqunyelwe yizinto eziphathelene nemvelo kanye nemithetho ethile, ngakho abanye abakhiqizi baphendukela kwezinye izinto kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.
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8) I-POM (i-Polyoxymethylene / i-Acetal)
Izici eziyinhloko: ukungqubuzana okuphansi, ukuzinza ngokwezinga, okuqinile, okufanelekile njenge-"plastic yobunjiniyela" yezindlela zokuhamba.
Izicelo zezimoto: amagiya amancane, izindlela zokukhiya, izibambo, izingxenye ezithile zesistimu yebhande lesihlalo, kanye nezingxenye ezidinga ukushelela.
Indlela yokukhiqiza:
– Ukubumba ngomjovo: kukhiqiza izingxenye ezinembile ezinezindawo ezibushelelezi kanye nokubekezelelana okuqinile. I-POM ivame ukukhethwa ukuze ithathe indawo yensimbi ngezindlela ezidinga ukuguguleka okuncane.
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9) I-PET ne-PBT (i-polyester yobunjiniyela)
Izici eziyinhloko: ukuqina ngokwesilinganiso, ukumelana nokushisa okuhle, izakhiwo zikagesi ezinhle (ezibalulekile ezixhumini). I-PBT ivame ukusetshenziselwa izingxenye zikagesi.
Izicelo zezimoto: izixhumi zikagesi, izindlu zezinzwa, izingxenye ezindaweni ezidinga ukufudumala nokumelana nokushisa.
Indlela yokukhiqiza:
– Ukubumba ngomjovo: kuvame kakhulu, ngokuvamile kufakwa ukuqinisa i-fiberglass ukuze kuqiniswe amandla engeziwe. Ukulawula izinga lokushisa kwenqubo kubalulekile ukuze kukhiqizwe kahle futhi kube nezakhiwo zemishini.
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Izinqubo eziyinhloko zokukhiqiza ipulasitiki yezimoto (ezifingqiwe)
Ngaphezu kwencazelo ngayinye yezinto, kunezindlela eziningana zokukhiqiza eziyinsika yokukhiqiza izingxenye zepulasitiki zezimoto:
1. Ukubumba ngomjovo: okusheshayo nokuvame kakhulu ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi; kufanelekile kumavolumu amakhulu.
2. Ukubumba okufuthayo: kungcono kakhulu ezintweni ezingenalutho njengamathangi namadamu okugcina amanzi.
3. Ukukhipha: kwemikhiqizo emide efana namapayipi, amaphrofayili okusika, kanye nokufakwa kwekhebula.
4. Ukwakha i-thermoforming: ukwakha amashidi epulasitiki amaphaneli amakhulu.
5. I-RIM kanye ne-foam: yezingxenye ze-PU (i-foam yesihlalo, ama-shock absorbers).
6. Ukubumba/ukufaka ubumba: ukuhlanganisa ipulasitiki nensimbi (faka) noma ne-elastomer ukuze kufakwe uphawu/kubambe engxenyeni eyodwa.
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I-Penutup
Amapulasitiki ezisetshenziswa ezimotweni awawona nje ama-substitute ensimbi ashibhile, kodwa kunalokho ayizinto ezakhiwe ngendlela evumela imiklamo elula, ethule, engagqwali, futhi elula ukuyikhulisa. I-PP ibusa ingaphakathi nama-bumpers, i-ABS ne-PC/ABS zivelele ngobuhle nokuqina, inayiloni ibusa ama-engine bays, i-PE ithembekile emathangini angenalutho, i-PU iyinhloko yenduduzo yesihlalo, kuyilapho i-POM, i-PBT, ne-PET zikhethwa kabanzi ngezingxenye zemishini nezikagesi ezinembile.
Uma ufisa, ngingenza lesi sihloko sibe ngokwezifiso ngokwezidingo zakho zesabelo (isb., engeza uhlu lwezincwadi, umdwebo wokuhamba kwenqubo, noma izibonelo zezingxenye ezithile ngesigaba ngasinye semoto: ingaphakathi, ingaphandle, ugesi, kanye nogesi).
