Izinhlobo Zepulasitiki Ezisetshenziswa Ekwenzeni Amabhodlela Nokuthi Zikhiqizwa Kanjani
Ipulasitiki iyinto evame kakhulu ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke. Kusukela ezikhwameni zokuthenga kuya ezingxenyeni ze-elekthronikhi, ipulasitiki isibe yingxenye ebalulekile yezwe lanamuhla. Enye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu zokusebenzisa ipulasitiki isesimweni samabhodlela. Amabhodlela epulasitiki asetshenziselwa izinjongo ezahlukahlukene, kusukela eziphuzweni kuya emikhiqizweni yokunakekela umuntu siqu. Kodwa-ke, akuwona wonke amabhodlela epulasitiki enziwe ngohlobo olufanayo lwepulasitiki. Ngezansi, sizoxoxa ngezinhlobo zepulasitiki ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni amabhodlela nokuthi zikhiqizwa kanjani.
1. Uhlobo lwepulasitiki
a. I-PET (i-Polyethylene Terephthalate)
I-PET uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwepulasitiki olusetshenziselwa amabhodlela eziphuzo, njengalawo amanzi amaminerali neziphuzo ezine-carbonated. Le pulasitiki yaziwa ngezakhiwo zayo ezilula neziqinile. I-PET iphinde imelane namagesi kanye nomswakama, okwenza ibe yindawo ekahle yokupakisha iziphuzo ezine-carbonated.
b. I-HDPE (i-Polyethylene Enobuningi Obuningi)
I-HDPE ivame ukusetshenziselwa amabhodlela aqinile emikhiqizweni efana nobisi, ujusi, kanye nensipho yokuwasha. Le pulasitiki imelana namakhemikhali kanye nokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, okwenza ifaneleke ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zokupakisha imikhiqizo. Amabhodlela e-HDPE ngokuvamile abonakala ejiyile futhi eqinile kunamabhodlela e-PET.
c. I-PVC (i-Polyvinyl Chloride)
I-PVC ayivame ukusetshenziswa emabhodleleni eziphuzo ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngokuphepha, kodwa isatholakala emabhodleleni emikhiqizo engasetshenziswa, njengamafutha emoto noma izinambuzane. I-PVC yaziwa ngokuguquguquka kwayo nokuqina kwayo.
d. I-LDPE (i-Polyethylene Ephansi)
I-LDPE ivame ukutholakala emabhodleleni aguquguqukayo futhi amancane, njengalawo emikhiqizo yokunakekela umuntu siqu (i-shampoo, i-conditioner, kanye ne-lotion). Le pulasitiki ithambile futhi iyakhanya, kodwa ayinamandla njenge-HDPE noma i-PET.
e. I-PP (i-Polypropylene)
I-Polypropylene imelana nokushisa kakhulu futhi ifaneleka kahle emikhiqizweni edinga ukufudunyezwa noma ukuvikelwa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Lokhu kuyenza ifaneleke kakhulu emabhodleleni emithi ewuketshezi kanye nemikhiqizo ethile yokudla. I-PP nayo inokumelana okuhle kwamakhemikhali.
f. I-PS (i-Polystyrene)
I-Polystyrene ayisetshenziswa kakhulu emabhodleleni angoketshezi ngenxa yokuthi iyaphuka futhi iyaphuka. Kodwa-ke, i-PS ivame ukusetshenziswa emaphaketheni aqinile noma emikhiqizweni elahlwayo njengezinkomishi.
2. Inqubo Yokukhiqiza
Izinqubo eziningi zokukhiqiza amabhodlela epulasitiki zihilela izinyathelo eziningana ezibalulekile, okuhlanganisa ukubumba nokubumba. Inqubo evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ukubumba nge-blow molding. Izinhlobo eziningana zokubumba nge-blow molding zingasetshenziswa, kuye ngohlobo lwepulasitiki esetshenziswayo.
a. Ukubumba Ngesijovo kanye Nokubumba Ngesijovo Sokwelula Isivinini (ISBM)
I-PET ivame ukucutshungulwa kusetshenziswa indlela ye-ISBM. Izinyathelo ezijwayelekile yilezi ezilandelayo:
1. Ukuphrinta Kwangaphambi Kokuhlela (Ukubumba Ngomjovo)
– Izinto Zokusetshenziswa: I-resin ye-PET iyancibilika bese ithululelwa esikhumbeni.
– Ukubumba: I-preform, eyibhodlela elincane nelijiyile, iyabumba bese isuswa kubumba.
– Ukupholisa: I-preform iyapholiswa bese igcinwa esinyathelweni esilandelayo.
2. I-Stretch Blow Molding
– Ukushisa: I-preform ishiswa izinga lokushisa elithile.
– Ukufutha: I-preform iyafuthwa futhi yelulwe ngesikhunta esikhethekile ize ifinyelele isimo sebhodlela esifunwayo.
– Ukupholisa Nokuzinzisa: Amabhodlela akhiwe abe esepholiswa bese esuswa esikhumbeni.
b. Ukubumba Okuqhumayo Kokukhipha (i-EBM)
Indlela ye-EBM ivame ukusetshenziswa kwi-HDPE kanye ne-PVC. Izinyathelo ezijwayelekile kule ndlela zifaka:
1. Ukukhipha
– Izinto Zokusetshenziswa: I-resin (njenge-HDPE) iyancibilika bese ikhishwa ibe yishubhu noma ifomu le-parison.
– I-Parison Tube: I-Parison iyipayipi lepulasitiki elifudunyezwayo futhi elilenga liqonde phezulu.
2. Ukufutha Nokwakha
– Isikhunta: Iqembu liboshwe ngesikhunta.
– Ukufutha: Umoya ufuthwa ungene epharishini, okwenza ipulasitiki ikhule futhi inamathele ezindongeni zangaphakathi zesikhunta.
– Ukupholisa: Amabhodlela akhiwe apholiswa esikhumbeni aze aqine.
c. Ukubumba Okufakwe Umjovo (IBM)
Indlela ye-IBM isetshenziswa kakhulu kwi-PP kanye ne-LDPE.
1. Ukuphrinta Kwangaphambi Kokuhlela (Ukubumba Ngomjovo)
– Izinto Zokusetshenziswa: I-resin iyancibilika bese ifakwa ku-preform mold.
– I-Preform: Njenge-ISBM, i-preform iyisimo sebhodlela elincane.
2. Ukufutha
– Ukushisa: I-preform iyashiswa ukuze ikwazi ukupheshulwa.
– Ukufutha Nokubumba: I-preform ifakwa ebhodleleni, bese umoya uvunguzwa ukuze kwandiswe i-preform ibe yisimo se-mold.
– Ukupholisa: Amabhodlela akhiwe abe esepholiswa bese esuswa esikhumbeni.
3. Ukuvuselela Nokuzinza
Enye yezinkinga ezibalulekile eziphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwamabhodlela epulasitiki umthelela wawo emvelweni. Ngenhlanhla, izinhlobo eziningi zepulasitiki zingaphinde zisetshenziswe. I-PET ne-HDPE ziyizimbili zepulasitiki eziphinde zisetshenziswe kalula futhi zinemakethe enkulu yokuphinda zisetshenziswe. Inqubo yokuphinda zisetshenziswe ngokuvamile ihilela izinyathelo eziningana:
a. Ukuqoqwa Nokuhlelwa
– Ukuqoqwa: Amabhodlela epulasitiki aqoqwa emithonjeni eyahlukahlukene.
– Ukuhlunga: Amabhodlela abe esehlelwa ngokusekelwe kuhlobo nombala wepulasitiki.
b. Ukuhlanza
– Ukuhlanza: Amabhodlela ayagezwa ukuze kususwe amalebula, iglue, kanye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo.
c. Ukugaya Nokuncibilikisa
– Ukugaya: Amabhodlela ahlukaniswa abe yizicucu ezincane.
– Ukuncibilika: Ama-flakes abe esencibilika bese ekhishwa abe ama-granulate noma ama-pellet epulasitiki.
d. Ukunyathelisa kabusha
– Ukukhiqizwa Komkhiqizo Omusha: Lawa ma-granule epulasitiki abe esesetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo emisha, okuhlanganisa namabhodlela epulasitiki amasha.
Isiphetho
Amabhodlela epulasitiki enziwe ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zepulasitiki, ngalinye linezici ezihlukile ezenza lifaneleke kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni okuthile. Kusukela ku-PET yamabhodlela amanzi okuphuza kuya ku-PP yamabhodlela emithi, ukukhetha izinto zokwakha kunquma kakhulu izakhiwo zomkhiqizo wokugcina. Inqubo yokukhiqiza amabhodlela epulasitiki ivame ukuhilela izindlela eziningana zokubumba nokwakha, kanti ukubumba ngokuqhuma kuyikona okuvame kakhulu.
Njengoba ulwazi olukhulayo mayelana nokusimama, ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha sekuyinto ebalulekile empilweni yamabhodlela epulasitiki. Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezahlukene zepulasitiki kanye nezinqubo zokukhiqiza kwazo kusisiza ukuba siqonde kangcono ubunzima obungemuva kokuthile okubonakala kulula njengebhodlela lepulasitiki.
