Izisekelo Zezinhlelo Zokusha Izimoto
Uhlelo lokushisa lungenye yezinhlelo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezimotweni ezisebenzisa uphethiloli (izinjini ze-Otto). Umsebenzi walo oyinhloko ukukhiqiza inhlansi ngesikhathi esifanele sokushisa ingxube yomoya-kaphethiloli ekamelweni lokushisa. Ngaphandle kohlelo lokushisa olusebenza kahle, injini izoba nzima ukuyiqala, amandla azoncishiswa, ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kuzomosha, futhi ukukhishwa komoya kuzokwanda. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngezisekelo zezinhlelo zokushisa izimoto, okuhlanganisa umsebenzi wazo, izingxenye eziyinhloko, izimiso zokusebenza, izinhlobo, kanye nezimpawu ezivamile zokwehluleka.
1. Umsebenzi woHlelo Lokuthungela
Ngokuvamile, uhlelo lokushisa lunemisebenzi eminingana eyinhloko:
1. Khulisa i-voltage kagesi evela emthonjeni wamandla wemoto (ibhethri noma i-magnet engu-12 volt) ibe yi-voltage ephezulu (amashumi ezinkulungwane zama-volt) ukuze ikwazi ukugxuma phezu kwegebe le-electrode le-spark plug.
2. Lungisa isikhathi sokushisa ukuze inhlansi ivele ngesikhathi esisebenza kahle kakhulu, ngokuvamile ngasekupheleni kokushaya kokucindezela.
3. Isabalalisa i-voltage ephezulu ku-spark plug ngayinye ngokuya ngokulandelana kokudubula kusilinda ngayinye (ezinjini ezinamasilinda amaningi).
4. Iqinisekisa ukusha okuzinzile ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukahlukene, njengejubane eliphansi/eliphezulu, imithwalo elula/esindayo, izinga lokushisa lenjini, kanye nezinguquko zekhwalithi kaphethiloli.
Uhlelo oluhle lokushisa luholela ekushiseni okuphelele, injini esabela kakhudlwana, ukusebenza kahle okwandisiwe, kanye nokukhishwa okuphansi komoya.
2. Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Zokusebenza Kohlelo Lokuvutha
Enjinini kaphethiloli, ingxube yomoya nophethiloli icindezelwa yi-piston. Njengoba ingcindezi kanye nokushisa kwengxube kukhuphuka, kudingeka umthombo wamandla ukuze kuqaliswe ukusha. Yilapho i-spark plug iqala khona ukusebenza, ikhiqize i-spark. Kodwa-ke, ukudala i-spark enamandla kudinga i-voltage ephezulu.
Lo mgomo wokuguqulwa kwamandla kagesi ngokuvamile usebenzisa ikhoyili yokushisa, esebenza njenge-transformer: amandla aphansi ku-coil eyinhloko aguqulwa abe amandla aphezulu ku-coil yesibili. La mandla aphezulu abe esedluliselwa ku-spark plug, agxume igebe le-electrode, bese evutha ingxube kaphethiloli.
Isihluthulelo sokushisa ngempumelelo sisezintweni ezimbili:
– Amandla enhlansi anele (i-voltage kanye nogesi ofanele).
– Isikhathi se-spark silungile ngokwezimo zenjini.
3. Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zohlelo Lokuvutha
Nakuba imiklamo ihlukahluka, izingxenye zesistimu yokushisa uphethiloli zifaka phakathi:
a. Umthombo Wamanje (Ibhethri/I-Alternator noma i-Magneto)
Ezimotweni zesimanje, umthombo wamandla oyinhloko ngokuvamile ibhethri (12V) elinikezwa futhi lishajwe yi-alternator. Kwezinye izithuthuthu, ikakhulukazi amamodeli amadala, umthombo ungase ube yi-magneto.
b. Iswishi Yokusha kanye Nesekethe Eyinhloko
Iswishi yokushisa ixhuma futhi inqamule ugesi oyinhloko. Isekethe eyinhloko yindlela yamanje ene-voltage ephansi egeleza iye kwikhoyili eyinhloko ngesilawuli sokushisa (iplatinum noma i-electronic module).
c. Ikhoyili Yokuvutha
Ikhoyili iqukethe:
– Ikhoyili eyinhloko: ithola ugesi ongu-12V (noma ovela ku-magneto).
– Ikhoyili yesibili: ikhiqiza i-voltage ephezulu, ingaba ama-volts ayi-10.000–40.000 noma ngaphezulu kuye ngohlelo.
Ikhoyili isebenza lapho ugesi oyinhloko unqamuka ngokuzumayo (ukuwa kwensimu yamagnetic), ukuze kwenzeke ukufakelwa kwamandla aphezulu ku-khoyili yesibili.
d. Isilawuli/Isiphuli Sesekethe Esiyinhloko
Kunezinhlobo eziningana:
– Iplatinum (i-contact breaker): i-mechanical breaker ezinhlelweni ezivamile.
– I-CDI/TCI/ECU: imodyuli kagesi elawula ukuthi ugesi unqanyulwa nini nokuthi ikhoyili “ishajwa” isikhathi esingakanani (isikhathi sokuhlala).
e. Umsabalalisi (Ezinjini Zezimoto Ezithile)
Ezinhlelweni ezivamile ezimotweni ezindala, umsabalalisi usabalalisa i-voltage ephezulu ku-spark plug ngayinye ngokwe-oda lokudubula. Abasabalalisi bavame ukuhlonyiswa ngalokhu okulandelayo:
– i-rotor, i-cap, kanye nendlela yokuthuthukisa (ukulawula ukuthuthukisa ukusha).
Ezimotweni zesimanje, umsabalalisi uvame ukushiywa.
f. Ikhebula Eliphezulu Le-Voltage / I-Coil-on-Plug (i-COP)
I-voltage ephezulu idluliselwa ngekhebula lokushisa. Ezinhlelweni zesimanje ze-COP, ikhoyili ixhunywe ngqo ku-spark plug, okuvumela ikhebula le-voltage ephezulu ukuthi lisuswe noma lifushaniswe.
g. Ipulaki ye-Spark
I-spark plug "iyisihloko" sohlelo lokuthungela. I-spark yenzeka esikhaleni se-electrode. Isimo se-spark plug (isikhala, ama-carbon deposits, ukuguguleka kwe-electrode) sithinta kakhulu ikhwalithi yokusha.
4. Izinhlobo Zezinhlelo Zokuthungela
Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe iholele ekutheni uhlelo lokushisa luguquke kusukela kolwemishini kuya kolwe-elekthronikhi ngokulawulwa kwekhompyutha.
1) Uhlelo Lokushisa Olujwayelekile (iPlatinum)
Lolu hlelo lusebenzisa i-platinum ukuphazamisa ugesi oyinhloko wekhoyili. Izinzuzo zalo zilula futhi kulula ukuziqonda, kodwa lunezinkinga:
– Iplatinum igugile, idinga ukulungiswa njalo.
– Isikhathi sishintsha kalula ngenxa yokuguga kwekhamera noma kwentwasahlobo.
– Inhlansi ingase ibe buthaka uma ijubane liphezulu (ngenxa “yokugxuma” kweplatinum).
Ngokuvamile kuba ne-condenser yokunciphisa inhlansi ku-platinum futhi isheshise ukuwohloka kwensimu yamagnetic ukuze i-voltage yesibili ikhuphuke.
2) Uhlelo Lokuvutha lwe-CDI (Capacitor Discharge Ignition)
Ama-CDI avamile ezithuthuthwini. Lolu hlelo lugcina amandla ku-capacitor bese luwakhipha ngokushesha ku-coil. Izici ze-CDI:
– I-spark ezinzile kakhulu ngesivinini esiphezulu.
– Izingxenye ezincane zemishini.
– Ingasebenzisa imithombo ye-AC (magneto) noma ye-DC (ibhethri), kuye ngomklamo.
I-CDI ifanele izinjini ezidinga impendulo esheshayo yokushisa, kodwa uhlamvu lwenhlansi lungaba “lufushane” kunesistimu yokungenisa.
3) Uhlelo Lokuvutha lwe-TCI/Transistor (Ukuvutha Okubangela Ukuguquka)
Ama-TCI asetshenziswa kabanzi ezimotweni zesimanje, esebenzisa ama-transistors njengeswishi yamanje yekhoyili eyinhloko. Izinzuzo zawo:
- Ukulawula isikhathi sokuhlala okunembe kakhudlwana.
– Amandla amahle enhlansi ku-rpm ehlukahlukene.
– Ihlala isikhathi eside futhi idinga ukulungiswa okuncane.
4) I-ECU Yohlelo Lokuvutha Oluhlanganisiwe (Ukuphathwa Kwenjini)
Ezimotweni zesimanje, i-ECU ilawula ukuthungela ngokusekelwe kokufakwayo kwenzwa okufana nalokhu:
– I-CKP (Inzwa Yesikhundla Se-Crankshaft)
– I-CMP (Inzwa Yesikhundla se-Camshaft)
– I-TPS (Inzwa Yesikhundla Se-Throttle)
– I-MAP/MAF (ukucindezela/okuningi noma ukugeleza komoya)
– I-ECT (izinga lokushisa lokupholisa)
– Inzwa yokungqongqoza (ukutholwa kokungqongqoza)
I-ECU ingalungisa ngokuguquguqukayo isikhathi sokuthungela ukuze ithole amandla, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokuvimbela ukuqhuma.
5) Uhlelo Lokuvutha Olungenamsabalalisi (i-DIS) kanye ne-Coil-on-Plug (i-COP)
I-DIS isusa umsabalalisi, isebenzisa ama-coil amabili noma i-coil ngesilinda ngasinye. I-COP evame kakhulu namuhla: isilinda ngasinye sine-coil yaso ngqo ku-spark plug, okuholela ku:
– Ukulahlekelwa amandla okuncane.
– Ukulawula ukushisa okunembe kakhudlwana ngesilinda ngayinye.
– Ukulungiswa okulula ngoba izingxenye ezimbalwa ziyanyakaza.
5. Isikhathi Sokushisa Nokuthuthuka
Isikhathi sokushisa yisikhathi lapho inhlansi ivele khona uma kuqhathaniswa nendawo yepiston. Ngokuvamile, inhlansi yenzeka ngaphambi kweTop Dead Center (TDC) ngesikhathi sokucindezela, okubizwa nge-BTDC (Before Top Dead Center). Kungani ngaphambi kwe-TDC? Ngenxa yokuthi ukushisa kuthatha isikhathi ukukhula, ukucindezela okuphezulu kulindeleke ukuthi kwenzeke ngokushesha ngemva kokuba ipiston idlule i-TDC ukuze ishaye kahle kakhulu.
Uma injini ishesha kakhulu, isikhathi esitholakalayo sifushane. Ngakho-ke, i-ignition advance kumele yenziwe ibe ngcono kakhulu ukuze kulondolozwe ukusha okuhle kakhulu. Izinhlelo ezivamile zisebenzisa i-mechanical advancer (centrifugal/vacuum), kuyilapho izinhlelo zesimanje zithembele ku-ECU.
Uma isikhathi sesithuthuke kakhulu:
– Injini ingangqongqoza (ukungqongqoza/ukuqhuma), amandla angazinzile, ingozi yokulimala kwepiston.
Uma kusemuva kakhulu:
– Amandla abuthakathaka, uphethiloli ochithayo, izinga lokushisa elikhuphukile legesi yokukhipha ugesi.
6. Izimpawu Zomonakalo Wesistimu Yokushisa
Ezinye izimpawu ezivamile zezinkinga zokusha:
1. Injini kunzima ukuyiqalisa: ipulaki yenhlansi engasebenzi, ikhoyili ebuthakathaka, ibhethri engasebenzi, inzwa ye-CKP enenkinga.
2. Ukushisa noma ukusha: ama-spark plug angcolile, izintambo ze-spark plug ezivuzayo, ama-coil aqhekekile, ama-injector/uphethiloli nakho kungayibangela kodwa ukushisa kudinga ukuhlolwa.
3. Amandla anciphile: isikhathi sivaliwe, ikhoyili ibuthakathaka, ama-spark plug awahambisani nezimiso.
4. Ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli okumoshayo: ukushisa okungaphelele, inhlansi ebuthakathaka, isikhathi esingafanele.
5. Hlola ukuthi isibani senjini sivuliwe (izimoto zesimanje): Ama-DTC ahlobene ne-Misfire (isb. P0300-P0304) angakhomba ekushiseni noma ekuhlinzekeni ngophethiloli.
7. Ukulungiswa Kwesistimu Yokushisa Eyisisekelo
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo lokushisa luhlala isikhathi eside futhi lusebenza kahle, yenza lokhu okulandelayo:
– Hlola futhi ushintshe ama-spark plug ngokwezikhawu zomenzi. Qinisekisa ukuthi igebe lama-spark plug lihlangabezana nezindinganiso.
– Hlola izintambo ze-spark plug kanye ne-coil: bheka imifantu, ukuvuza, noma ukugqwala ezixhumini.
– Qiniseka ukuthi i-voltage yebhethri ilungile nokuthi uhlelo lokushaja lujwayelekile.
– Sebenzisa uphethiloli ngokwe-octane enconyiwe ukuze i-ECU ingalibazisi isikhathi kaningi ngenxa yokungqongqoza.
– Ezinhlelweni ezivamile: lungisa iplatinum nesikhathi ngezikhathi ezithile, bese uhlola i-condenser kanye nomsabalalisi.
I-Penutup
Uhlelo lokuthungela imoto luguqula amandla kagesi aphansi abe amandla aphezulu ukuze kukhiqizwe inhlansi ku-spark plug ngesikhathi esifanele. Izingxenye ezibalulekile njenge-coil, isilawuli samanje (i-platinum/CDI/TCI/ECU), kanye nama-spark plugs zisebenza ndawonye ukudala ukusha okusebenzayo nokuzinzile. Ukuqonda izisekelo zesistimu yokuthungela kusiza abasebenzisi kanye nochwepheshe ukuhlonza izinkinga zenjini, ukwenza ukulungiswa okuvamile, kanye nokugcina ukusebenza kahle kwemoto.
Uma ufuna, ngingenza inguqulo ecacile kakhulu yalesi sihloko yezithuthuthu (i-CDI/TCI) noma izimoto zesimanje (izinzwa ze-COP, ECU, CKP/CMP), ephelele ngemidwebo yomsebenzi kanye nezibonelo zamacala okwehluleka.
