Isingeniso Sezinhlelo Zikaphethiloli Zezimoto
Uhlelo lukaphethiloli lungenye yezinhlelo eziyinhloko emotweni, ezisebenza ukulungiselela nokusabalalisa uphethiloli enjinini ukuze kushiswe kahle. Ngaphandle kohlelo lukaphethiloli olusebenza kahle, injini izoba nzima ukuyiqala, amandla azoncishiswa, ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kuzomosha, futhi ukukhishwa komoya kuzokwanda. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda izisekelo zohlelo lukaphethiloli kubalulekile hhayi nje kuphela komakhenikha kodwa futhi nakubasebenzisi bezimoto ukuthi baqaphele kakhudlwana izimpawu zomonakalo futhi benze ukulungiswa ngokunembe kakhudlwana.
1. Incazelo kanye Nomsebenzi Wesistimu Kaphethiloli
Ngokuvamile, uhlelo lukaphethiloli luwuchungechunge lwezingxenye ezinesibopho sokugcina, ukuhlunga, ukulinganisa, kanye nokucindezela (ezinhlelweni ezithile), bese lufafaza noma lusabalalisa uphethiloli egumbini lokushisa njengoba kudingeka yinjini. Inhloso yalo eyinhloko ukudala ingxube efanele yomoya-kaphethiloli ukuze kushiswe kahle. Ingxube ecebile kakhulu (kaphethiloli owedlulele) iholela ekusetshenzisweni kukaphethiloli okumoshayo kanye nokukhishwa okuphezulu komoya, kuyilapho ingxube engaqinile kakhulu (kaphethiloli owanele) ingabangela amandla anciphile, ukushisa ngokweqile, ngisho nomonakalo enjinini.
Imisebenzi eyinhloko yesistimu kaphethiloli ihlanganisa:
1. Gcina uphethiloli ngokuphephile emathangini.
2. Isabalalisa uphethiloli ovela ethangini uye enjinini.
3. Hlunga ukungcola ukuze kungangeni ku-injector/carburetor.
4. Lungisa inani likaphethiloli ngokuya ngomthwalo kanye nesivinini senjini.
5. Ukufiphaza noma ukufafaza uphethiloli ukuze kube lula ukuwushisa.
6. Gcina umfutho kaphethiloli uzinzile (ohlelweni lokujova).
2. Izinhlobo Zezinhlelo Zikaphethiloli Ezimotweni
Ezimotweni zanamuhla, kunezinhlobo eziningana zezinhlelo zikaphethiloli ezivame ukutholakala.
a. Uhlelo lwe-Carburetor
Izinhlelo ze-carburetor zisetshenziswa kakhulu ezimotweni ezindala nakwezinye izithuthuthu ezindala. Ama-carburetor asebenza kusetshenziswa isimiso sokwehluka kwengcindezi (i-vacuum) ukuze adonse uphethiloli egumbini lokuntanta bese ewuxuba nomoya ku-venturi. Ingxube ephumayo ingena ku-input manifold bese kuba yigumbi lokushiswa.
Izinzuzo ze-carburetor zifaka phakathi ukwakhiwa kwayo okulula, izindleko zokulungisa eziphansi, kanye nokulula kokulungisa. Kodwa-ke, ukungekuhle kwayo kufaka phakathi ukulawulwa kwengxube kaphethiloli okungaqondile kangako kunokufakwa kukaphethiloli, ukuzwela okukhulu ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushisa/ukuphakama, kanye nokuthambekela kokusebenzisa uphethiloli kakhulu futhi kukhiqize ukukhishwa okuphezulu komoya.
b. Uhlelo Lokufaka Uphethiloli
Izinhlelo zokujova uphethiloli zijwayelekile ezimotweni zesimanje ngoba zingakwazi ukulawula ngokunembile ukuphakelwa kukaphethiloli. Uphethiloli ucindezelwa yiphampu, bese ufafazwa ngama-injector ngamanani athile ngokwemiyalo evela ku-ECU (i-Electronic Control Unit). Lolu hlelo lusebenzisa izinzwa ezifana ne-throttle position sensor, izinga lokushisa lenjini, umfutho womoya ongenayo, kanye nezinzwa ze-oxygen (ezimotweni ezithile) ukuze kunqunywe isikhathi sokujova.
Izinzuzo zokufakwa kukaphethiloli zifaka phakathi ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli, ukukhishwa okuphansi komoya ongcolile, ukusabela kwenjini okubushelelezi, kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezahlukahlukene. Okubi kufaka phakathi izindleko eziphezulu zezingxenye, kanye nokuxilongwa kwamaphutha kudinga amathuluzi kanye nokuqonda ugesi/i-elekthronikhi.
c. Uhlelo Lokufaka Ngokuqondile Ezinjinini Ezithile
Ezinye izimoto zesimanje, ikakhulukazi lezo ezinezinjini zikaphethiloli zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu noma zedizili zesimanje, zisebenzisa uhlelo lokujova ngqo, lapho ama-injector efutha uphethiloli ngqo egumbini lokushiswa. Le ndlela ithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle namandla ngokuvumela ukulawula okungcono ukwakheka kwengxube. Kodwa-ke, uhlelo luyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, lusebenza ngokucindezela okuphezulu, futhi ludinga ikhwalithi kaphethiloli eqinile kanye nokugcinwa.
3. Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zohlelo Lukaphethiloli
Nakuba ukwakheka kwemoto ngayinye kuhlukile, izingxenye eziyinhloko zesistimu kaphethiloli ngokuvamile zifaka:
1. Ithangi likaphethiloli
Isebenza njengethangi lokugcina uphethiloli. Ithangi lifakwe indawo yokungena kanye neyokuphuma, futhi ezimotweni zesimanje, ngokuvamile linohlelo lokungenisa umoya lokulawula umusi kaphethiloli.
2. Iphampu kaphethiloli
Ohlelweni lokujova, iphampu inikeza ingcindezi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uphethiloli ufinyelela kuma-injector ngengcindezi ezinzile. Iphampu ivame ukutholakala ngaphakathi kwethangi (iphampu engaphakathi kwethangi) ukuze ihlale ipholile futhi iqine kakhudlwana. Kwezinye izinhlelo ze-carburetor, iphampu yomshini noma iphampu ye-vacuum nayo ingasetshenziswa.
3. Isihlungi sikaphethiloli
Ihlunga ukungcola, ukugqwala, kanye nezinhlayiya ezincane ukuze zingavali ama-injector noma ziphazamise ukusebenza kwe-carburetor. Isihlungi esingcolile singabangela ukuntengantenga kwenjini, amandla anciphile, noma ubunzima bokuqala.
4. Ipayipi likaphethiloli kanye nepayipi (umugqa kaphethiloli)
Ithutha uphethiloli usuka ethangini uye enjinini. Kumelwe ube namandla, umelane nomfutho, futhi ungavuzi ngoba uphethiloli uyasha kakhulu.
5. Umlawuli wokucindezela (umlawuli wokucindezela uphethiloli)
Kuvamile ezinhlelweni zokujova. Umlawuli ugcina ingcindezi ngaphakathi kwezidingo. Ingcindezi ephezulu kakhulu ibangela ingxube ecebile, kanti ingcindezi ephansi kakhulu ibangela ukuphakelwa okunganele.
6. I-Injector noma i-carburetor
I-injector ifutha uphethiloli ngenkungu encane, kuyilapho i-carburetor ixuba uphethiloli nomoya ngomshini ngokusekelwe ku-vacuum.
7. Umzimba ophushayo kanye ne-input manifold
Umzimba we-throttle ulawula inani lomoya ongenayo, kuyilapho i-input manifold isabalalisa ingxube ye-air-fuel (noma umoya wodwa kwezinye izinhlelo) kusilinda ngasinye.
8. I-ECU kanye nezinzwa (ohlelweni lokujova)
I-ECU icubungula idatha evela kuzinzwa ukuze inqume isu lokujova. Izinzwa ezibalulekile zifaka phakathi i-TPS (i-Throttle Position Sensor), i-ECT (i-Engine Coolant Temperature), i-MAP/MAF (i-Mass Air Pressure/Mass Air Pressure Sensor), i-O2 sensor, kanye ne-sensor yesivinini senjini.
4. Indlela Uhlelo Lukaphethiloli Olusebenza Ngayo Ngamafuphi
Emotweni efakwe uphethiloli, ukusebenza okujwayelekile kungokulandelayo: uphethiloli ugcinwa ethangini bese uphonswa esihlungini. Uphethiloli ube usugeleza uye erelini likaphethiloli ngengcindezi ethile. I-ECU ibe isiqondisa ama-injector ukuthi avuleke ngesikhathi nobude obuthile, okuvumela uphethiloli ukuthi ufafazwe futhi uxutshwe nomoya. Ingxube ingena ekamelweni lokushisa bese ivuthelwa yi-spark plug. Le nqubo iphinda ngokushesha okukhulu, kuye ngesivinini senjini.
Kuhlelo lwe-carburetor, uphethiloli ugeleza usuka ethangini uye ku-carburetor, ugcinwa okwesikhashana ekamelweni lokuntanta, bese udonswa umoya nge-venturi ukuze wakhe inkungu kaphethiloli. Ingxube ibe isingena ekamelweni lokushisa ukuze ishiswe.
5. Izinkinga Ezivamile Zesistimu Kaphethiloli
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uhlelo lukaphethiloli lungabhekana nezinkinga. Izimpawu ezivamile zifaka:
– Injini kunzima ukuyiqala, ikakhulukazi uma ibanda.
– Injini iyathuthumela noma iyagxumagxuma ngesikhathi sokusheshisa.
– Amandla abuthakathaka kanye nokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli okwandisiwe.
– Iphunga elinamandla likaphethiloli ngenxa yokuvuza.
– Isibani senkomba yenjini (hlola injini) siyakhanya ezimotweni ezifakelwe umjovo.
Izimbangela kungaba isihlungi esivalekile, iphampu ebuthakathaka, i-injector engcolile, ingcindezi engazinzile, ipayipi eliqhekekile, noma inzwa enephutha.
6. Ukulungiswa Okuyisisekelo Kwesistimu Kaphethiloli
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo lukaphethiloli luhlala isikhathi eside futhi ukusebenza kwenjini kuyagcinwa, kungathathwa izinyathelo eziningana zokulungisa eziyisisekelo:
1. Sebenzisa uphethiloli ngokwezincomo zomenzi, okuhlanganisa izinombolo ze-octane/cetane.
2. Shintsha isihlungi sikaphethiloli ngesikhathi esibekiwe noma ngokushesha uma usebenzisa uphethiloli osezingeni eliphansi njalo.
3. Gcina ithangi lihlanzekile, gwema umkhuba wokuvumela ithangi livame ukuba lingenalutho ngoba indle imuncwa kalula.
4. Hlola amapayipi kanye nokuxhumeka ukuze kutholakale ukuthi avuzanga yini njalo.
5. Hlanza i-injector/carburetor uma kuvela izimpawu zokungaguquguquki noma uphethiloli ochithayo.
6. Sebenzisa i-workshop enamathuluzi okuxilonga izimoto zokujova ukuze uphathe kahle.
I-Penutup
Uhlelo lukaphethiloli lwemoto luyinto ebalulekile enquma ukusebenza kahle kwemoto, amandla, kanye nokukhishwa kwayo. Kusukela ethangini, ephampini, esihlungini, kuya kuma-injector noma e-carburetor, zonke izingxenye zisebenza ndawonye ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uphethiloli ufika enjinini ngobuningi nesimo esifanele. Ngokuqonda izinhlobo, izingxenye, indlela ezisebenza ngayo, kanye nendlela ezigcinwa ngayo, abanikazi bezimoto bangabona ngokushesha izimpawu zomonakalo futhi balondoloze ukusebenza kahle kwezimoto isikhathi eside.
