Izisekelo Zezinhlelo Zokupholisa Injini Yezimoto Ezilula
Uhlelo lokupholisa injini luyisistimu ebalulekile ezimotweni ezilula (izimoto zabagibeli, izimoto zasemadolobheni, ama-MPV, nama-SUV alula), okugcina izinga lokushisa lokusebenza kwenjini lingaphakathi kwebanga elifanele. Izinjini zokushisa zangaphakathi zikhiqiza ukushisa okukhulu ngenxa yokusha kwengxube yomoya-kaphethiloli, ukungqubuzana kwezingxenye, kanye nokucindezelwa. Uma lokhu kushisa kungaphathwa kahle, injini ingashisa ngokweqile, ibhekane nokusebenza okunciphile, umonakalo wezingxenye, ngisho nokubanjwa. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda izisekelo zesistimu yokupholisa kubalulekile kubasebenzisi, abafundi bezikole zomsebenzi wezimoto, kanye nochwepheshe abasafufusa.
1. Umsebenzi Wesistimu Yokupholisa
Ngokuvamile, uhlelo lokupholisa lusebenza ku:
1. Gcina izinga lokushisa lenjini lizinzile ekushiseni kokusebenza (ngokuvamile cishe ama-80–95°C ezimotweni eziningi).
2. Kusheshisa ukufinyelelwa kwezinga lokushisa lokusebenza lapho injini iqala ukusebenza (ukuqala okubandayo), ukuze ukushisa kube ngcono kakhulu futhi ukukhishwa komoya kube kuphansi.
3. Vimbela ukushisa ngokweqile lapho imoto isebenza kanzima, isibonelo uma ibambeke emotweni, ikhuphuka amagquma, noma ithwele imithwalo.
4. Kuvikela izingxenye zenjini njengezinhloko zesilinda, amabhlogo enjini, ama-gasket, ama-piston, kanye namafutha ekuwohlokeni ngenxa yokushisa okukhulu.
5. Isekela induduzo yekhabhini ngokusebenzisa ukushisa kwe-coolant ye-heater (ezimotweni ezithile).
2. Isimiso Sokusebenza Sohlelo Lokupholisa Uketshezi
Ezimotweni zesimanje ezilula, uhlelo oluvame kakhulu ukupholisa ngoketshezi (amanzi/isibandisi serediyetha). Umgomo walo osebenzayo ukudlulisa ukushisa kusuka enjinini kuya emoyeni wangaphandle nge-coolant.
Ukugeleza kungokulandelayo:
– Iphampu yamanzi ijikeleza i-coolant isuka ku-radiator iye ku-injini block.
– Isipholisi sigeleza ngejakethi yamanzi (imisele yokupholisa ekhanda lebhulokhi kanye nelesilinda) ukuze simunce ukushisa.
– Uketshezi olushisayo lugeleza luye ku-thermostat. Uma izinga lokushisa lingekho phezulu ngokwanele, i-thermostat ivala indlela eya ku-radiator, ivumela i-coolant ukuthi ijikeleze ngendlela edlulayo ukuze ifinyelele izinga lokushisa lokusebenza ngokushesha.
– Uma izinga lokushisa lifinyelela inani elithile (isb. 82–88°C), i-thermostat iyavula bese iqondisa uketshezi olushisayo ku-radiator.
– Ku-radiator, ukushisa kukhishwa emoyeni ngamafin e-radiator, kusizwa yi-fan ye-radiator uma ukugeleza komoya kunganele.
– Isibandisi esibandayo sibuyela empompini yamanzi bese umjikelezo uphinda.
3. Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zesistimu Yokupholisa kanye Nemisebenzi Yazo
a. Irediyetha
I-radiator iyi-heat exchanger epholisa i-coolant ngokwandisa indawo yayo engaphezulu ngamapayipi namaphiko. Ama-radiator ngokuvamile enziwa nge-aluminium (i-heat conductor elula futhi enhle) noma inhlanganisela ye-aluminium-plastic emathangini aphezulu nangaphansi. Ama-radiator analokhu:
– Ithangi lokungena (ithangi lokungena elishisayo)
– I-Core (amapayipi namaphiko okukhipha ukushisa)
– Ithangi lokuphuma (ithangi lapho kuphuma khona uketshezi olupholile)
b. Iphampu Yamanzi
Iphampu yamanzi inesibopho sokujikeleza i-coolant kulo lonke uhlelo. Ezimotweni eziningi, iphampu iqhutshwa yibhande (ibhande lomlandeli/ibhande le-serpentine) noma, kwezinye izindlela, yibhande lesikhathi. Ukwehluleka kwephampu (ama-bearings agugile, impeller eyonakele, izivalo ezivuzayo) kungaholela ekujikelezeni kwegazi okungekuhle futhi ekugcineni kuholele ekushiseni ngokweqile.
c. I-Thermostat
I-thermostat iyivalvu ezenzakalelayo elawula ukuthi i-coolant igeleza nini ingena ku-radiator. Indima yayo ibalulekile ku:
– Igcina injini ifudumala ngokushesha kuze kufike ezingeni lokushisa elisebenzayo (ukusebenza kahle okwandisiwe).
– Kuvimbela injini ukuthi ingasebenzi kakhulu (okungachitha uphethiloli futhi kwandise ukuguguleka).
I-thermostat isebenza ngokwandisa i-wax pellet. Uma ifudunyezwa, i-wax iyakhula futhi isunduze ivalvu ivuleke.
d. Isivalo se-Radiator kanye Nokucindezela Kwesistimu
Isivalo se-radiator asisona nje isembozo, kodwa siyivalvu elawula ukucindezela. Uhlelo lokupholisa lucindezelwa ukuze kuphakanyiswe izinga lokubila le-coolant. Isibonelo, amanzi ahlanzekile abilayo ku-100°C ngomfutho womoya, kodwa ngomfutho owengeziwe, izinga lokubila liyaphakama, okukuvimbela ekubileni nasekudaleni umusi kalula.
Izivalo ze-radiator zivame ukuba nama-valve amabili:
– I-valve yokucindezela: igcina ingcindezi ephezulu, ikhipha ingcindezi eyengeziwe echibini.
– I-vacuum valve: uma injini ibanda futhi umfutho wehla, idonsa uketshezi oluvela ethangini lubuyele ku-radiator.
e. Ithangi Lokugcina Idamu (Ithangi Eligciniwe)
Ithangi ligcina i-coolant eyengeziwe njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka futhi ivolumu yalo ikhula. Lapho injini iphola, uketshezi lubuyiselwa ohlelweni oluyinhloko. Leli thangi lenza kube lula ukuhlola izinga ngaphandle kokuvula isivalo se-radiator (kuphephile).
f. Ipayipi Lerediyetha (Ipayipi Eliphezulu Nelingezansi)
Ipayipi elingaphezulu lithwala i-hot coolant lisuka enjinini liye ku-radiator, kuyilapho ipayipi elingezansi libuyisela i-coolant epholile enjinini. Amapayipi kumele amelane nokushisa nokucindezela, futhi akufanele abe buthakathaka, aqhekeke, noma avuvuke.
g. Ifeni Yokupholisa
Amafeni asiza umoya ukuthi ugeleze nge-radiator uma imoto imile noma ihamba kancane. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko:
– Ifeni yomshini (ehlanganiswe nenjini, evame kakhulu ezimotweni ezindala)
– Ifeni kagesi (elawulwa yi-ECU noma iswishi ye-thermo ngokusekelwe ekushiseni kwe-coolant)
h. Isipholisi (Isipholisi)
Isipholisi akuwona amanzi nje kuphela. Ngokuvamile siyingxube ye-ethylene glycol noma i-propylene glycol, amanzi angenawo amaminerali, kanye nephakheji yokwengeza. Imisebenzi yayo yile:
– Phakamisa iphuzu lokubila bese wehlisa iphuzu lokuqandisa.
– Kuvimbela ukugqwala kwezinsimbi (i-aluminium, insimbi, ithusi).
– Gcoba uphawu lwephampu yamanzi.
– Kunciphisa ukwakheka koqweqwe.
Ukusebenzisa amanzi avamile kungabangela ukugqwala, indle, kanye namapayipi avalekile, ikakhulukazi uma amanzi equkethe amaminerali amaningi.
4. Uhlelo Lokupholisa Umoya Ngokushesha
Kwezinye izimoto (ezivame kakhulu ezithuthuthwini), kusetshenziswa ukupholisa umoya ngqo. Kodwa-ke, ezimotweni ezilula zanamuhla, izinhlelo zokupholisa uketshezi zinamandla kakhulu ngoba zizinzile, ziyasebenza, futhi ziyakwazi ukubhekana nemithwalo eqinile kanye nokukhishwa komoya.
5. Izimpawu Nezimbangela Zenkinga Evamile
Ezinye izimpawu zenkinga ohlelweni lokupholisa:
– Inaliti yokushisa iyaphakama noma inkomba yokushisa ngokweqile iyakhanya.
– Isipholisi sincipha njalo ngaphandle kwesizathu esicacile (ukuvuza noma ukuhwamuka).
– Ifeni ayijikelezi emazingeni okushisa aphezulu (injini yefeni ebuthakathaka, i-relay, i-fuse, i-sensor).
– Irediyetha evalekile (idiphozithi/isikali) ibangela ukuthi izinga lokushisa likhuphuke ngokushesha.
– I-thermostat ivalwe ivaliwe ukuze amanzi angagelezeli aye ku-radiator.
– I-thermostat evulekile enamathele yenza injini ithathe isikhathi eside ukuyifudumeza, okwandisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli.
– Iphampu yamanzi ebuthakathaka/evuzayo inciphisa ukujikeleza kwegazi.
– Isivalo se-radiator esonakele sivimbela ukwakheka kwengcindezi futhi senza kube lula ukubilisa.
– I-gasket yekhanda lesilinda evuzayo ingabangela amabhamuza ku-radiator, i-coolant exutshwe uwoyela, noma intuthu emhlophe evela emsipheni wokukhipha umoya.
6. Ukulungiswa Kwesistimu Yokupholisa Eyisisekelo
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo lokupholisa luhlala isikhathi eside nokuthi injini isebenza kahle, yenza okulandelayo:
1. Hlola izinga le-coolant ethangini njalo uma injini ibanda.
2. Sebenzisa isibandisi ngokwezincazelo zomenzi, okuhlanganisa uhlobo kanye nesilinganiso sengxube (ngokuvamile u-30–50% wesibandisi).
3. Shintsha isibandisi ngesikhathi esifanele (isibonelo, njalo eminyakeni emi-2 noma ngokwezincomo).
4. Hlola amapayipi nama-clamp ukuze ubone ukuthi aqhekekile, avuza noma avuvukele.
5. Hlanza i-radiator ekungcoleni kwangaphandle (uthuli, udaka) ukuze amaphiko angavaleki.
6. Qiniseka ukuthi ifeni iyasebenza futhi i-fuse/i-relay isesimweni esihle.
7. Ungavuli isivalo se-radiator uma kushisa, ngoba umfutho ophezulu ungafafaza uketshezi olushisayo futhi ubangele ukulimala.
7. Isiphetho
Uhlelo lokupholisa injini yemoto elula luwuchungechunge lwezingxenye ezisebenzisanayo ukugcina amazinga okushisa enjini ngaphakathi kwemingcele ephephile nesebenzayo. I-radiator, iphampu yamanzi, i-thermostat, ifeni, isivalo se-radiator, amapayipi, i-reservoir, kanye ne-coolant konke kunezindima zako kodwa ezihlobene. Ngokuqonda ukuthi zisebenza kanjani futhi zenze ukulungiswa okuyisisekelo njalo, unganciphisa ingozi yokushisa ngokweqile, wandise isikhathi sokuphila kwenjini, futhi ugcine ukusebenza kahle kwemoto.
Uma uthanda, ngingenza futhi inguqulo yalesi sihloko ngefomethi yephepha (isizinda-ukwakheka kwenkinga-ingxoxo-isiphetho) noma ngengeze umdwebo wokugeleza kokujikeleza komoya opholile ukuze kube lula ukukuqonda.
