Isimiso Esisebenzayo Senjini Kaphethiloli Kubunjiniyela Bezimoto Eziyisisekelo
Injini yokushisa inhlansi (injini kaphethiloli) uhlobo lwenjini yokushisa yangaphakathi evame ukusetshenziswa ezimotweni ezilula njengezithuthuthu nezimoto zabagibeli. Kubunjiniyela bezimoto obuyisisekelo, ukuqonda izimiso zokusebenza kwenjini kaphethiloli kuyisisekelo esibalulekile ngaphambi kokuhlola izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu njengokujova uphethiloli ngogesi, ukulawulwa kokukhishwa komoya, noma ukuxilongwa kwamaphutha. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngemiqondo eyinhloko yenjini kaphethiloli, umjikelezo wayo wokusebenza, izingxenye ezibalulekile, kanye nezici ezithonya ukusebenza kahle kwayo kanye nokusebenza kwayo.
Ukuqonda kanye Nemibono Eyisisekelo Yezinjini Zikaphethiloli
Izinjini zikaphethiloli zisebenza ngokuguqula amandla amakhemikhali kaphethiloli abe amandla okushisa ngokushisa, bese ziguqula la mandla abe amandla omshini ngendlela yokujikeleza kwe-crankshaft. Lokhu kuzungeza kube sekudluliselwa ku-transmission yamandla kanye namasondo emoto.
Isici esihlukile senjini kaphethiloli ukuthi ivuthela ingxube yomoya-kaphethiloli isebenzisa inhlansi evela ku-spark plug. Ngakho-ke, izinjini zikaphethiloli zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi izinjini zokukhanyisa izinhlansi. Ngokungafani nezinjini zikadizili, ezivuthela ngenxa yokucindezela okuphezulu, izinjini zikaphethiloli zidinga uhlelo lokukhanyisa ukuze zikhiqize inhlansi.
Emikhubeni eyisisekelo yezimoto, izinjini zikaphethiloli zivame ukutholakala ezinhlotsheni ezimbili zamabhayisikili: izinjini ezine (4-stroke) kanye nezimbili (2-stroke). Njengamanje, izinjini ezine-stroke zinamandla kakhulu ngoba zisebenza kahle kakhulu futhi zinokukhishwa okuncane komoya, kuyilapho izinjini ezimbili-stroke zilula kodwa zichitha imali futhi zingcolisa kakhulu.
Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zenjini Kaphethiloli
Ukuze siqonde isimiso sokusebenza, sidinga ukwazi izingxenye eziyinhloko ezihileleke ngqo emjikelezweni wokushisa:
1. Isilinda nepiston: lapho kwenzeka khona izinqubo zokucindezela nokushisa. Ipiston iya phezulu naphansi ngaphakathi kwesilinda.
2. Induku yokuxhuma (induku yepiston): ixhuma i-piston ne-crankshaft.
3. I-Crankshaft: iguqula ukunyakaza kwe-piston okuya phezulu kuya phansi kube ukunyakaza okujikelezayo.
4. Ikhanda lesilinda: indawo yegumbi lokushisa, ivalvu yokungenisa, ivalvu yokukhipha umoya, ipulaki yenhlansi, kanye nomsele wokungena/wokukhipha umoya.
5. Ama-valve okungenisa kanye nokukhipha umoya: alawula ukugeleza kwengxube yomoya-kaphethiloli kanye namagesi okukhipha umoya ovuthayo.
6. I-Camshaft (i-camshaft): ilawula izikhathi zokuvulwa nokuvalwa kwevalvu ngokunembile ngokusebenzisa indlela yesikhathi.
7. Uhlelo lwephethiloli: i-carburetor noma i-injection, lusebenza ukwakha ingxube yomoya nophethiloli.
8. Uhlelo lokukhanyisa: lukhiqiza i-voltage ephezulu ukuze luvuse i-spark plug.
9. Uhlelo lokugcoba: lunciphisa ukungqubuzana futhi lupholisa izingxenye.
10. Uhlelo lokupholisa: lugcina izinga lokushisa lokusebenza kwenjini lizinzile.
Zonke lezi zingxenye zisebenza ngokuphelele. Ukungasebenzi kahle kunoma iyiphi yazo kunganciphisa ukusebenza, kwandise ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, noma kubangele umonakalo omkhulu.
Indlela Injini Yephethiloli Ene-Stroke Esebenza Ngayo
Injini kaphethiloli enezinhlungu ezine iqeda umjikelezo owodwa womsebenzi ngemivimbo emine ye-piston kanye nokujikeleza okubili kwe-crankshaft. Lezi zinhlungu ezine yilezi:
1. I-Intake Stroke
I-piston isuka e-Top Dead Center (TDC) iye e-Bottom Dead Center (BDC). Kuleli qophelo, i-intake valve ivuliwe futhi i-exhaust valve ivaliwe. Ukunyakaza kwe-piston kunciphisa ingcindezi esilinda, okuvumela ingxube yomoya-kaphethiloli ukuthi ingene ekamelweni lesilinda nge-intake manifold.
Ezinjinini zanamuhla ezifakwe uphethiloli, umoya ungena ngomzimba we-throttle, kuyilapho uphethiloli ufafazwa yizijovo ngokwemiyalelo ye-ECU. Ezinjinini ezine-carburet, ingxube yakhiwa umehluko wokucindezela (umphumela we-venturi).
2. Ukucindezeleka Kokushaywa Yisifo
I-piston iyakhuphuka isuka ku-BDC iye ku-TDC. Ama-valve okungenisa kanye nawokukhipha umoya avaliwe kahle. Ingxube yomoya-kaphethiloli iyacindezelwa, okwandisa izinga lokushisa kanye nengcindezi yayo. Ukucindezela kubalulekile ngoba ingxube ecindezelwe ikhiqiza ukushisa okunamandla kakhulu uma ivutha.
Ekupheleni kokushaya kokucindezela, ngaphambi nje kokuba i-piston ifike ku-TDC, i-spark plug iyavutha. Lokhu kulinganisa kubizwa ngokuthi i-ignition timing futhi kuthinta kakhulu amandla enjini kanye nokusebenza kahle kwayo.
3. Ukushaya Kwamandla/Ukwanda
Ngemva kokuqhuma kwe-spark plug, ingxube yomoya nophethiloli ivutha ngokushesha, ikhiqize umfutho ophezulu. Lo mfutho usunduza i-piston phansi isuka ku-TDC iye ku-BDC. Lona umfutho okhiqiza amandla amakhulu. Ukunyakaza kwe-piston kudluliselwa yinduku yokuxhuma iye ku-crankshaft.
Kulesi sigaba, ukusha okufanele kufanele kwenzeke ngendlela elawulwayo. Uma ukusha kushesha kakhulu futhi kungavamile, kungenzeka ukungqongqoza, okuyingozi enjinini.
4. Ukushaya Komoya Okhipha Umoya
I-piston iya phezulu isuka ku-BDC iye ku-TDC. I-valve yokukhipha umoya iyavuleka ngenkathi i-valve yokungenisa ivala. Amagesi okukhipha umoya ayaphoqeleka ukuphuma aye ku-manifold yokukhipha umoya kanye nohlelo lokukhipha umoya. Ngemva kokuba amagesi esekhululiwe, umjikelezo ubuyela ekushayweni kokungenisa umoya.
Enjinini yangempela, kunegama elibizwa ngokuthi i-valve overlap, elivela lapho i-intake valve iqala ukuvula ngenkathi i-exhaust valve ingakavalwa ngokuphelele. Ukweqana kusiza ukukhipha amagesi asele futhi kwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-volumetric nge-rpm ethile.
Indlela Injini Kaphethiloli Esebenza Ngayo Ezinhlangothini Ezimbili (Isifinyezo Esifushane)
Injini enezinhlungu ezimbili iqeda umjikelezo owodwa ngezinhlungu ezimbili ze-piston kanye nokujikeleza okukodwa kwe-crankshaft. Izinqubo zokungenisa, ukucindezela, amandla, kanye nokukhipha umoya ziyahlangana, ngokuvamile zisebenzisa amachweba odongeni lwesilinda esikhundleni sama-valve njengenjini enezinhlungu ezine.
Izinzuzo: ukwakhiwa okulula kanye nokukhishwa kwamandla okuphezulu ngokushintshwa ngakunye. Okubi: ukuxuba uwoyela njalo nophethiloli, ukushisa okuncane okuhlanzekile, ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli okuphezulu, kanye nokukhishwa okuphezulu komoya ongcolile. Ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngokukhishwa komoya ongcolile, izinjini ezine-stroke ezimbili ziya ngokuya zingavamile ezimotweni zesimanje.
Izici Ezithinta Ukusebenza Kwenjini Kaphethiloli
Kubunjiniyela bezimoto obuyisisekelo, ezinye izinto ezibalulekile ezinquma ukusebenza kahle kwenjini kaphethiloli zifaka:
1. Isilinganiso sokucindezela
Izilinganiso zokucindezela eziphakeme ngokuvamile zithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokushisa, kodwa zingase zibangele ukugoba uma i-octane kaphethiloli ingafaneleki.
2. Ikhwalithi yengxube yomoya-kaphethiloli (AFR)
Ingxube ekahle (stoichiometric) kaphethiloli icishe ibe ngu-14,7:1 (umoya:uphethiloli). Ingxube ecebile kakhulu iyachitha futhi iyabhema, kanti ukungabi namandla kakhulu kungabangela injini ukuthi ishise kakhulu futhi ilahlekelwe amandla.
3. Isikhathi sokushisa
Ukushisa kusenesikhathi noma sekwephuzile kunciphisa amandla futhi kwandisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli. Izinjini zesimanje zilawula lokhu ngogesi.
4. Isimo sohlelo lokushisa
Ama-spark plug agugile, ama-coil abuthakathaka, noma izintambo ezingasebenzi kahle kungabangela ukusha kwezimoto, ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli okwandisiwe, kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi okubi.
5. Isimo somshini womshini
Ukucindezelwa kwesilinda okuphansi ngenxa yamasongo e-piston agugile noma ama-valve avuzayo kuzobangela amandla abuthakathaka kanye nobunzima bokuqala.
6. Uhlelo lokupholisa nokugcoba
Ukushisa ngokweqile kungalimaza izingxenye, kuyilapho ukuthambisa okungenampilo kusheshisa ukuguguleka.
Isiphetho
Isimiso sokusebenza senjini kaphethiloli empeleni inqubo yokumunca ingxube yomoya-kaphethiloli, ukuyicindezela, ukuyivuthela nge-spark plug ukuze ikhiqize amandla, bese kukhishwa amagesi okushisa asele. Enjinini kaphethiloli enezigameko ezine, lo mjikelezo wenzeka ngemivimbo emine elandelanayo ye-piston: ukungena, ukucindezela, amandla, kanye nokukhipha umoya. Ukuqonda izingxenye eziyinhloko, ukulandelana komjikelezo, kanye nezici ezithonya ukushisa kuyasiza kakhulu ekufundeni amasu ayisisekelo ezimoto—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi angokulungiswa okuvamile, ukulungiswa, noma ukuxazulula izinkinga.
Uma ufisa, ngingangeza umfanekiso olula womjikelezo we-4-stroke, ithebula lokuqhathanisa lezinjini ze-2-stroke vs. 4-stroke, noma isifinyezo esinamachashazi sezinto zokufunda.
